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 |  موضوع: كتاب Mixing in Single Screw Extrusion السبت 11 يناير 2014, 11:44 am | |
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Mixing in Single Screw Extrusion
ويتناول الموضوعات الأتية :
1 The Need for Good Mixing in Single Screw Extrusion 3
12 Examples of Mixing Problems 9
121 Polyethylene Pipes and Cables 9
122 Blow Moulded Bottles 11
123 Chalk Filled Polypropylene Pipe 12
124 Blown Film 13
125 Industrial Blow Mouldings 13
126 Production Scrap Re-use 13
127 Agglomerates and Gels in Thin Extrusions 14
128 Transparent Polycaprolactone/SAN Blends 15
129 Decorative Wood Grain Effects 15
References 16
2 Dispersive and Distributive Mixing 17
21 Definitions and Illustrations 17
22 Dispersive Mixing 20
221 Dispersive Mixing Mechanisms 20
222 Dispersive Mixing of Additive Powders Such as Pigments 24
23 Distributive Mixing 29
231 Laminar Shear Flow Mixing 29
232 Measurement of Distributive Mixing Achieved by
Laminar Shearing 32
Mixing in Single Screw Extrusion
233 Limitations of Lamina Flow Mixing 34
234 Eliminating Laminar Striations 36
References 55
3 Measurement of Mixing 59
31 The Need for Measurement of Mixing 59
32 Striation Thickness Measurement 60
33 Agglomerate Measurement 61
331 Microscopy Examination of Thin Samples 61
332 Agglomerate Count for Blown Film 62
333 Screen Pack Filtration Test 62
34 Influences of Mixing on Product Properties 68
35 Preparation of Thin Sections for Optical Microscopy Assessment69
References 69
4 Single Screw Extruder Stages: Effects on Mixing 71
References 75
5 Pellet Handling: A Source of Variable Composition 77
51 Introduction 77
52 Hopper Design 78
521 Mass Flow Hopper 78
522 Non-mass Flow Hopper 79
523 Round Hoppers 80
524 Square and Rectangular Hoppers 81
525 Ledges and Corners 81
53 Composition Variations 82
531 Example 1 82
532 Example 2 82
533 Example 3 82
534 Other Systems 83
54 Measurement of Particulate Properties 84
541 Hopper Flow Tests 84
References 85
6 Solids Conveying in the Feed/Transport Zone 87
61 Smooth Feed Zones 87
62 Grooved Feed Zones 90
63 Particulate Friction Measurements 96
64 Friction in the Feed Zone 99
References 100
7 Melting 101
71 Melting Mechanism 101
72 Variations in Melting Rate 103
73 Solids Bed Break-up 105
74 Melting Devices 107
75 Barrier Flight Melting Screws 115
751 The Barrier Screw Concept 115
752 Maillefer Barrier Screw 117
753 North American Barrier Screws 118
754 Combined Barrier Screws and Grooved Feed Zones 123
755 Barrier Screw Developments 124
76 Other Melting Screws 125
761 Double Wave Screw 125
762 Barr Energy Transfer Screws 126
763 Stratablend Mixing Screw 126
764 Shear-Ring Screw 127
Mixing in Single Screw Extrusion
77 Barrier Flight Screws versusConventional Screws 127
References 131
8 Screw Channel Mixing and the Application of Mixing Sections 135
81 Striations: Their Formation and Mixing in the Screw Channel 135
82 Mixing During Melting 137
83 Mixing in the Melt Filled Screw Channel 137
84 Residence Time Distribution (RTD) 144
841 Concentration Smoothing 147
842 Variation of Residence Time with Channel Position 147
843 Implications of Pressure/Drag Flow Effects 147
85 Mixing Sections 148
851 Maddock Mixer 148
852 Pins and Slots 149
853 Mixer Evaluation Using an Independent Drive 152
References 164
9 Interacting Rotor/Stator Mixers 167
91 Overview 167
92 Turbine Mixing Heads 168
921 Stanley (ICI) Mixer 168
922 Other Turbine Mixers 170
93 Woodroffe Key Slot Mixers 171
931 Gerber (Metal Box) Mixer 171
932 Renk (Barmag) Mixer 172
94 Rounded Cavity Mixers 176
941 Rapra Cavity Transfer Mixer 176
942 Reifenhauser Staromix 184
10 Floating Ring Mixing Devices 189
101 Introduction 189
102 Injection Moulding Check-ring Mixers 189
103 Adaption of the Check Ring Mixer to Extrusion 193
References 196
11 Static (or Motionless) Mixers 197
111 Mixing Mechanism 197
112 Static Mixers Used in plastics extrusion 197
1121 Helical Mixers 198
1122 Honeycomb Mixers 199
113 Application in Heat Exchangers 200
114 Disadvantages 200
References 202
12 Incorporation of Liquid Additives and Dispersions by Direct Addition 203
121 Viscosity Differences 204
122 Incorporating Liquid Additives 204
123 Some Examples of Liquid Injection Processes 208
1231 Polybutene in Pallet-wrap and Silage-wrap Film 208
1232 Injection of Liquid Colours (General) 208
1233 Wire Insulation Colouring 209
1234 Fibre Extrusion 213
1235 Skin Colouring Pipes and Profiles 214
1236 Crosslinking Polyethylenes 216
1237 Silicone Lubricant Injection 220
1238 Extrusion Foaming 220
Mixing in Single Screw Extrusion
13 Dispersive Mixing of Fillers and Pigments 229
131 Formation of Agglomerates 229
132 Formation of Filler Agglomerates in a Single Screw Extruder 230
133 Starved Feeding to Avoid Agglomerate Formation 234
134 Dispersive Mixing Using Polymer Powders 239
135 Dispersive Mixing Using Polymeric Waxes 239
References 242
14 Dispersive Mixing Applied to Polymer Blending 243
141 Polymer Blends 243
142 Polymer Scrap 246
143 Polymer Waste 246
144 Blending Immiscible Viscous Fluids 246
145 Polymer Blending Mechanisms in a Single Screw Extruder 250
146 Break-up of Fibrils into Droplets 252
147 Polymer Blending in Single Screw Extrusion: Overall Mechanism254
148 Mixing by Controlled Continuous Chaotic Advection 257
149 Blending Mixed Polymer Waste: Comparison of Twin Screw
and Single Screw Extruders 259
1410 Elongational Flow Mixing 261
1411 Elimination of Gels 262
References 263
15 Compounding with Single Screw Extruders 269
References 270
Appendix – Preparation of Microtome Sections for Assessment of
Dispersive and Distributive Mixing 273
Flattening Sections 273
Trimming the Block 274
Flattening the Rolled Sections 276
Holey Sections 276
Brushing Flat 276
Distortion 276
Washing and Mounting 277
Abbreviations 279
Index 281
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