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Power_Transformers_Principles_and_Applications
Contents
Series Introduction H. Lee Willis
Preface
1 Basic Transformer Theory
1.1 Definition of a Transformer
1.2 Magnetic Units and Conversion Factors
1.3 Currents and Magnetic Fields
1.4 Magnetic Induction
1.5 Constructing a Simple Transformer
1.6 The Magnetic Circuit
1.7 The B-H Curve
1.8 The B-H Curve and Hysteresis
1.9 Magnetizing Currents and Harmonics
1.10 Transformer Core Design and Construction
1.11 Magnetostriction
1.12 Completing the Transformer by Adding a Second1.13 Placement of the Windings
References
2 Two-Winding Transformer Connections
2.1 Introduction
2.2 The Y-Y Connection in Three-Phase Systems
2.3 Advantages of the Y-Y Connection
2.4 Disadvantages of the Y-Y Connection
2.5 The Y-Δ Connection and the Δ-Y Connection
2.6 Phase Angle Displacement and Phase Rotation
2.7 The Y-Δ Grounding Bank
2.8 The Zigzag Connection
2.9 Comparisons of Economy of the Different Winding
Configurations
2.10 Trade-Off Between Steel and Copper in the Design of a
Transformer
2.11 Connecting Three-Phase Banks Using Single-Phase
Transformers
2.12 Transforming Three-Phase Voltages into Two-Phase
Voltages
2.13 The Scott Transformer Connection
2.14 Three-Phase Transformer Designs
2.15 Standard Terminal Markings for Transformers
References
3 Transformer Impedance and Losses
3.1 Leakage Flux and Leakage Reactance
3.2 Conductor Losses
3.3 No-Load Losses
3.4 Magnetizing Reactance
3.5 Equivalent Circuit of a Two-Winding Transformer
3.6 A Brief Tutorial on Symmetrical Components
3.7 Transformer Equivalent Circuits Modeled in Zero Phase
Sequence Networks
3.8 Series Impedance and Regulation
3.9 Matching Transformers for Parallel and Bank
Operations
Winding3.10 Impedance Mismatch in Three-Phase Transformer
Banks
3.11 Temperature Rise and the Thermal Capability
3.12 Interpreting Transformer Test Reports
3.13 Calculating the Hot-Spot Temperature Using the IEEE
Method
3.14 Calculating the Loss of Life
References
4 Autotransformers and Three-Winding Transformers
4.1 Autotransformer Connections
4.2 Impedance of an Autotransformer
4.3 Limitations of the Autotransformer Connection
4.4 Autotransformer Voltages with Short Circuits Applied
4.5 Impulse Voltages Applied to Autotransformers
4.6 Autotransformer Core and Coil Designs and Terminal
Configurations
4.7 Advantages and Disadvantages of the Autotransformer
Connection
4.8 Three-Winding Transformers
4.9 Modification of Transformer Laws with Three Windings
4.10 Equivalent Circuit of a Three-Winding Transformer
4.11 Core and Coil Construction of Three-Winding
Transformers
4.12 Thermal Capability of Three-Winding Transformers
4.13 The Stabilizing Effect of a Δ Tertiary Winding
Reference
5 Short Circuits, Inrush Currents, and Other Phenomena
5.1 Effects of Short Circuits on Transformers
5.2 Comparisons of Short-Circuit Currents for Various
Faults
5.3 Mechanical Forces in Transformers
5.4 Forces between Transformer Windings
5.5 Short-Circuit Forces in Three-Winding Transformers
5.6 Exciting Current Inrush
5.7 Tank Overheating from Zero-Sequence Currents5.8 Primary Fuse Misoperations
5.9 Ferroresonance
5.10 Voltage Surges
References
6 Ancillary Equipment
6.1 Bushings
6.2 Oil Preservation Systems
6.3 Cooling Equipment
6.4 Temperature, Oil Level, and Pressure Gauges
6.5 Tap-Changing Equipment
6.6 Load Tap Changers
6.7 Voltage Regulating Transformers
6.8 Tap Changer Automatic Controls
6.9 Variable Phase Shifting Transformers
Reference
7 Reading and Applying Nameplate Information
7.1 Minimum Nameplate Requirements
7.2 Manufacturer’s Information
7.3 Cooling Class, Number of Phases, and Operating
Frequency
7.4 Voltage Ratings
7.5 KVA or MVA Ratings
7.6 Winding Connection Diagram
7.7 Phasor or Vector Diagram
7.8 Weights and Oil Capacity
7.9 Operating Pressure Range
7.10 Impedance
7.11 Basic Insulation Level
7.12 Nameplate Layout
References
8 Maintenance, Testing, Troubleshooting, and Reliability
8.1 Good Utility Practices
8.2 Preventative Maintenance versus Predictive
8.3 Factory Tests
8.4 Ratio Test
8.5 Other Factory Tests
8.6 Field Tests
8.7 Gas-in-Oil Analysis
8.8 Water-in-Oil Analysis
8.9 Drying Transformers
8.10 Oil Dielectric Test
8.11 Reliability Calculations
8.12 The Chi-Squared Distribution
8.13 The Poisson Distribution
8.14 Statistical Economics
References
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