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أحضرت لكم كتاب
Academic Writing and Grammar for Students 3rd Edition
Alex Osmond
STUDENT SUCCESS
و المحتوى كما يلي :
Contents
About the Author vii
Acknowledgements ix
Introduction: The Aims of This Book and How to Use It 1
1 Basic Conventions of Academic Writing 11
2 Basic Grammatical Concepts 37
3 Putting Sentences Together 71
4 Putting Paragraphs Together 102
5 Critical Thinking 124
6 Referencing 149
7 Conciseness and Clarity 164
8 Common Mistakes and How to Deal With Them 199
9 Proofreading Effectively 232
Index 245
Index
A
Abbreviations, 13–14
Abstract nouns. See Nouns
Academic writing
adherence to conventions of in this book, 6–8,
14, 26, 34, 37, 65, 93, 96, 107, 164, 200
basic conventions of, 11–36
Acronyms. See Abbreviations
Active voice. See Voice, active and passive
Ad hominem. See Rhetoric, ad hominem
Adjectives, 37, 58–60, 62–64
Advancing writing skills. See Development of
writing style
Adverbs, 24, 37, 58–60, 62–63, 64–65
additive, 65
hedging, 66. See also Hedging
intensifying, 65
restricting, 65
Affirmatives. See Negatives and affirmatives
Alternative perspectives, debunking of. See
Rhetoric, alternative perspectives
APA referencing. See Referencing systems/styles,
APA
Apostrophes, 31, 96–99, 224, 226, 233–234, 239–
240
Argument, definition of, 2–3
Articles, definite and indefinite, 37, 54–58
Attachment to your own work, 224, 233–235
Author-date referencing. See Referencing
systems/styles, Harvard
B
Bibliographies, 151
Brackets, 6, 71, 95–96
square brackets, 71, 96, 158–160
C
Capital letters, 39–42, 50, 72, 233, 242
Citations, 72, 100, 125, 128–130, 151–154,
156–157, 215, 218. See also Referencing;
Referencing systems/styles
direct, 125, 127, 129, 131, 133, 136, 151–154,
158–159, 205
indirect, 100, 125, 129–130, 133, 135–136, 138,
151–153, 215
Cite Them Right, 153, 162
Clarity, 5, 31, 52, 62, 71, 121, 164–166, 174, 184,
191, 197, 199, 243
definition of, 165–166
George Orwell on, 197
Clichés, 20–21
Colloquial language and slang
avoiding, 17–21, 25
definition of, 18–19
examples of, 18–21
and subjectivity, 14, 17–18, 21–22, 26
Colons, 71, 94–95
Commas, 71, 93–94
comma splicing, 95, 216–220, 230
Conciseness, 5, 31, 62, 78, 121, 164–196, 234, 243
definition of, 165
George Orwell on, 197
Conjunctions, 37, 66–67, 202–203, 220–221, 224
Contractions, 7, 15, 30–31, 96–97, 98–99, 225
Critical thinking, 2–4, 17, 100, 113, 124–147, 150,
159, 161–162, 177, 212
definitions of, 3–4, 125, 127–128
D
Dashes. See Hyphens
Development of writing style, 8, 63, 76, 78, 80–81,
93, 107–108, 120, 129, 136, 139, 229
Direct citations. See Citations, direct
E
Editing, 192–212. See also Proofreading
Ellipsis, 158–159
Emotive language, 21–26, 60, 92, 114, 139,
142, 146
Exaggeration. See Rhetoric, hyperbole
Exclamation marks, 13, 71, 93
Expletive constructions, 171–173, 193F ‘
Find’ tool. See Word processors
First person: in this book, 7, 26–27. See also
Academic writing, adherence to conventions
of in this book; Reflective writing; Second
person, use of; Third person, use of
use of, 16, 26–27
Footnotes. See Referencing systems/styles,
footnotes
Formality. See also Colloquial language and slang
in academic writing, 11–13, 17–21, 29, 32–35,
42, 46–48, 51, 68, 77, 95–97, 100, 168, 175,
188, 190, 230, 237
and passive voice, 77
in this book. See Academic writing, adherence
to conventions of in this book
and verb use, 76–77
Full references, 137, 151–156. See also
Referencing; Referencing systems/styles
examples of, 154–157
Full stops, 71–72, 90–91, 94–96, 158
Future tense. See Signposting, unnecessary
signposting
G
Graphs, presentation of, 214–215
Greek ideas, influence of in academic
writing, 3
H
Harvard referencing. See Referencing systems/
styles, Harvard
Hedging, 65, 71, 88–89, 177–178, 210, 212
Hyperbole. See Rhetoric, hyperbole
Hyphens, 96
I
Indirect citations. See Citations, indirect
Informality. See Colloquial language and slang;
Formality
L
Literal English, use of in academic writing,
17–20, 110
M
Mixed constructions, 200–204
MLA referencing. See Referencing systems/styles,
MLA
Modifiers. See also Adjectives; Adverbs
dangling, 203–207
definition of, 58–59
examples of, 59–65
meaningless modifiers, 178–179
and subjectivity, 58–59
N
Negatives and affirmatives, 186
Nominalisation, 43, 187–190
Nouns
abstract, 38–39, 42, 97
concrete, 38–39, 97
countable and uncountable, 56, 58
definition and examples of, 38–41
deriving verbs from. See Nominalisation
describing with adjectives. See Adjectives
effective use of, 42–43
as grammatical subject of sentence. See
Subject-verb-object arrangement
non-specific and specific, 56–57
and ownership. See Possessive
plurals, 41–42, 46, 56–58
proper, 39–42, 50, 58, 97, 170
replacing with pronouns, 50–52
using articles with, 55–58
Numbers, use of, 220–221
Numeric referencing. See Referencing systems/
styles, Vancouver
O
Objectivity, 12–17, 22, 24, 26, 28–30, 31, 59, 210.
See also Subjectivity
when proofreading, 234
Object of a sentence. See Subject-verb-object
arrangement
Orwell, George, 196–197
OSCOLA referencing. See Referencing systems/
styles, OSCOLA
P
Paragraphs
consistency of tense in, 83–86
definition of, 102
length of, 103
staying on topic in, 111, 117–120. See also
Topic sentences
‘what, why, when’ questions, 121–122
Paraphrasing. See Citations, indirect
Parentheses. See Brackets
Passive voice. See Voice, active and passive
Plagiarism, 125–127, 137, 162
Plurals. See Nouns, plurals
Possessive, 31, 56–58, 96–100, 222, 225–228
Prepositions, 38, 67–68, 222
Procatalepsis. See Rhetoric, alternative
perspectives
Pronouns, 26, 27, 37–38, 42, 49–54, 67, 98, 185,
200, 225
non-binary pronouns, 51
Proofreading, 6, 31, 46, 54, 154, 192,
232–243
Academic Writing and Grammar for Students
246Proper nouns. See Nouns, proper
Punctuation, 30, 69–72, 90–100, 123, 146, 159,
175, 237, 244
Q
Question marks, 71, 90–93
Questions
direct, 19, 90–93
rhetorical, 91–93, 146
Quotations. See Citations, direct
Quoting. See Citations, direct
R
Reading, influence of on your work, 12, 16, 26, 28,
29, 53, 60, 72, 89, 100, 114, 124–125, 129,
131, 133, 138, 146, 151, 158, 164, 175, 231
Redundant phrases, 142, 165, 167–171, 198
Reference list. See Full references
Referencing. See also Citations; Full references;
Referencing systems/styles
definition of, 5–7, 16–17, 126–127,
149–152
emphasising parts of sources, 160
errors in your sources, 160
more complex techniques of, 158–160
Referencing systems/styles
APA, 27, 153, 157
endnotes, 153, 156
footnotes, 16, 150, 153, 156–157
Harvard, 6, 16, 72, 95, 125, 132, 153–155, 157,
163, 216
MLA, 153, 157
numeric. See Referencing systems/styles,
Vancouver
OSCOLA, 153, 157, 162
Vancouver, 95, 153, 156, 162
Reflective writing, 7, 14, 27, 35
Repetition, 42, 93, 141–143, 164, 169, 181–184,
192–194, 206, 223, 235
as rhetorical device. See Rhetoric, repetition as
rhetorical device
Rhetoric, 5, 91–93, 124, 138–148, 183
ad hominem, 143–145, 148
alternative perspectives, debunking of,
140–141
hyperbole, 34, 145–146
repetition as rhetorical device. See Repetition
rhetorical questions. See Questions, rhetorical
rule of three, 141
straw man, 146–147
S
Second person, use of, 7, 14–15, 26, 27–30,
44–45. See also First person, use of; Third
person, use of
Semi-colons, 71, 94–95, 220
Sentences
definition of, 72
length of, 72, 90
structure of, 72–75, 80–81, 94, 101, 143, 203,
242
variation in, 59, 72, 75, 80–81, 94, 203
Signposting, 66, 88, 102, 104–110, 112, 114–115,
119, 122, 133, 165, 173, 180, 193, 194, 230
common phrases used when, 105–110
unnecessary signposting, 180–181,
194, 230
Slang. See Colloquial language and slang
Sources, using. See Referencing
Spell-checking tool. See Word processors
Square brackets. See Brackets,
square brackets
Straw man. See Rhetoric, straw man
Subjectivity, 14–15, 20, 22, 24–25, 26, 60, 64–65,
113, 137. See also Objectivity
Subject of a sentence. See Subject-verb-object
arrangement
Subject-verb-object arrangement, 58, 71–77, 79,
175, 184, 200, 203
Syntax. See Sentences, structure of
T
Tautologies, 169–171. See also Redundant
phrases
Technology, use of in writing. See Word
processors
Tense
choice of in certain essay types, 85
common tenses in academic writing, 71,
83–87
consistency of, 82–83
continuous tense and avoiding the continuous,
86–87
definition of, 82
examples of, 82–84
future tense, unnecessary use of, 180–181
Third person, use of, 15, 29–30, 44–45, 82, 84,
210. See also First person, use of; Second
person, use of
Topic sentences, 102, 111–121
V
Vancouver referencing. See Referencing systems/
styles, Vancouver
Verbs
agreement/conjugation with nouns,
44–45, 82
definition and examples of, 43–45
‘hedging’ verbs. See Hedging
infinitive form of, 44–45. See also Tense
Index
247‘to be’ as verb, 46, 73, 76, 86, 180, 184
use of strong, effective verbs, 34,
45–46, 174
verbs formed from nouns. See Nominalisation
Voice, active and passive, 72, 75–80, 174,
184–186, 189, 197
W
Word limits, 167, 239
Word processors, 31, 77, 87, 93, 168, 180, 185,
187, 190, 192, 203, 219, 223, 226, 236–237,
241
Works cited list. See Full references
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