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| موضوع: كتاب Fluorinated lonomers الأحد 24 سبتمبر 2023, 3:12 am | |
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أخواني في الله أحضرت لكم كتاب Fluorinated lonomers Walther Grot C. G. Processing, Inc. Chadds Ford, Pennsylvania
و المحتوى كما يلي :
Contents PDL Fluorocarbon Series Editor’s Preface Preface Acknowledge metits 1 Introduction I . 1 Polymers I .2 Physical Shapes I .3 References 2 History 2.1 References 3 Manufacture I tit roduct ioti Perfluori nated Ionomers 3.2. I Monomer Synthesis Properties of TFE Perfluoro 3,6-dioxa-4-methyl-7-octetie sulfotiyl fluoride (MW = 446) TFE Sultone (3,3,4,4-tetrafluoro- I , 2-oxathietane S,S-dioxide) Methyl perfluoro 5-oxa heptenoate (MW = 306) Perfluoro-4-( fluorosul fony I ) buty I v i tiy I ether (MW = 380) Perfluoro-3-oxa-4-pentene su I fony I fluoride (MW = 280) Perfluoro-4,7-dioxa-5-1nethyl-8-nonene sulfonyl fluoride (MW = 496) Methy I perfluoro-3,6-dioxa-4-methy I noneoate (MW = 422) Poly merizat ioti Fabrication Hydrolysis and Acid Exchange Finishing and Testing Liquid Compositions 3.7.1 Film Casting Fluorinated Ionomers with Phosphonic or Sulfonyl Itnide Functional Groups vvi CONTENTS 3.9 Partially Fluorinated Ionomers 36 3.9. I Grafting of Non-fluorinated Monomers on Fluorinated Films 36 3.9.2 Polymerization of Partially Fluorinated Monomers 37 3.9.3 Fluorinated Anion Exchange Polymers 38 Inorganic Oxides 38 3.10 Composite Materials of Ionomers and 3.1 1 Remanufactured Membranes 40 3.12 References 41 4 Properties 45 4.1 Properties of the Precursor Polymers 45 4.2 Properties of the Ionic Forms 49 4.2. I Swelling i n Water and Other Solvents 55 4.2.2 Wetting and Contact Angle 63 4.2.3 Solubility of Gases i n Fluorinated Ionomers 64 4.3 Morphology 65 4.3. I Morphology of Liquid Compositions 67 4.4 Transport Properties 69 4.4. I Transport Driven by an Electric Current 70 4.4.2 Transport Driven by a Concentration Difference 70 4.5 Optical Properties 70 4.6 Thermal Properties 71 4.7 Stability 71 4.8 References 72 5 Applications 75 5.1 Electrolysis 75 5. I . I Introduction, Electrolytic Cells 75 5.1.2 NaCl Electrolysis 76 5.1.2. I Uhde Cell 81 5.1.2.2 ElectroCells 84 5.1.2.3 Membranes 85 5.1.2.4 Electrodes 87 5.1.2.5 Process Description 90 5.1.4 The Older Technologies: Mercury and Asbestos 98 5.1.6 Potassium Gold Cyanide and Potassium Stannate 104 5.1.7 Salt Splitting 106 5.1.3 Related Technology: HCI electrolysis 97 Electrolysis of Other Chlorides, Including Tetramet h y I A inmoniuin Chloride 5.1.8 Chromic Acid Regeneration 108CONTENTS vii 5.1.9 Nickel-Zinc Plating 5.1. I0 Persulfuric Acid and Persulfates 5.1 . I I Electro-winning of Metals 5. I . I2 Water Electrolysis (Including the Production of Ozone or Hydrogen Peroxide) 5. I . I3 Other Electrolytic Applications 5.2 Sensors and Actuators 5.3 Dialysis 5.4 Gas and Vapor Diffusion 5.5 Protective Clothing 5.6 Catalysis 5.7 References 6 Fuel Cells and Batteries 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Operating Parameters 6.3 Ionomer Stability 6.5 Manufacture of MEAs 6.6 References 6.7 Further Reading 7.1 Unreinforced Perfluorinated Sulfonic Acid Films 7.2 Reinforced Perfluorinated Membranes 7.2. I Sulfonic Acid Membranes 8 Economic Aspects 8.1 Chlor-Alkali Cells 8.2 Fuel Cells 8.3 References Direct Methanol Fuel Cells (DMFCs) 7 Commercial Membrane Types Sulfoti ic/Carboxy I ic Meinbra ties 9 Experimental Methods 9.1 Infrared Spectra 9.4 Ion Exchange Equilibrium Hydrolysis, Surface Hydrolysis and Staining Other Reactions of the Precursor Polymer 9.4. I Atiion/Cat ion Equ i I i briu in (Donnan Exclusion) 9.4.2 Cation/Cation Equilibria 9.5 Determination of EW by Titration or Infrared Analysis 9.6 Determining Melt Flow 9.9 Examination of a Membrane 9.10 Determining the Permselectivity 9.1 1 Measuring Pervaporation Rates 9.12 Simple Electrolytic Cells 9. 13 References Distinguishing the Precursor Polymer from Various Ionic Forms Fenton’s Test for Oxidative Stability 10 Heat Sealing and Repair 10.1 Reference 1 1 Handling and Storage I I . I Handling the Film 1 I . I . I Mechanical Damage 1 I . I .2 Chemical Contamination I I . I .3 Cutting I I .2 Pretreatment I I .3 Installation 12 Toxicology, Safety and Disposal 12.1 Toxicology 12.2 Safety 12.2. I Skin Contact 12.2.2 Thermal Stability 12.2.3 Thermal Degradation Product\ 12.2.4 Polymer Fume Fever 12.2.5 Ventilation 12.2.6 Flammability 12.3 Disposal 12.4 References Appendix A Appendix B Laboratory Chlor-alkali Cell Appendix C Appendix D Plastic-Based Bipolar Plates Suppliers and Resources Glossary and Web Sites Index A Chromic Acid Regeneration System Solution Cast Nafion Film INDEX Index Terms Links A Acetonitrile 15 Acid catalysis 130 Acid exchange, in fluorinated ionomers manufacture 30 Aciplex F 4221 (Asahi Chemicals) 55 160 ACIPLEX 10 Actuators 122 based on Nafion sulfonic ionomer 122 Acyl Fluoride 221 Adiponitrile 15 Aldrich Chemicals 217 Alfa Aesar 217 Alkalinity loop 106 Alkyl groups in perfluorinated ionomers manufacture 10 Alkylations 130 Anion exchange polymers 38 Anion/cation equilibrium (Donnan exclusion) 175 Applications, of fluorinated ionomers 75 actuators 122 see also individual entry catalysis 129 Dialysis 123Index Terms Links Applications, of fluorinated ionomers (Cont.) see also individual entry electrolysis 75 see also Electrolysis gas and vapor diffusion 125 protective clothing 129 sensors 119 see also individual entry Asahi Chemicals perfluorinated ionomers manufacture 9 Asahi Glass 217 perfluorinated ionomers manufacture 9 Asahi Kasei 217 Asbestos cell 100 B Ballard Power Systems 37 217 Batteries, fuel cells and 137 see also Fuel cells Bipolar plates 213 see also Plastic-based bipolar plates C C.G. Processing, Inc. 217 6-Carboethoxy-perfluoro-2-methyl-3- oxa-hexanoyl fluoride 18 6-Carbomethoxy-perfluoro-2-methyl- 3-oxa-hexanoyl fluoride 19Index Terms Links 9-Carboethoxy-perfluoro-2,5-dimethyl-3, 6-dioxa-nonanoyl fluoride 19 Carbon black catalyst, in fuel cells 139 Carbon Black 221 Carbon Fiber 221 Carbon monoxide (CO) detector 123 Carboxylic barrier layer 5 Carboxylic ester precursor 171 Casting, film, in fluorinated ionomers Manufacture 34 Catalysis applications of fluorinated ionomers 129 acid catalysis 130 alkylations 130 Nafion as nitration catalyst 130 partially mercury-exchanged Nafion 131 perfluorinated sulfonic acid ionomers 129 Cation/cation equilibria 176 multistage separation of cations 178 Chemical contamination 195 ChemTech, Inc. 217 Chlor-alkali cells 5 187 188 economic aspects 161 laboratory chlor-alkali cell 203 membrane technology 3 Nafion as a separator membrane in 3 plate and frame design of 78 Chlorides electrolysis 101 lithium chloride 103 potassium chloride 102 tetramethyl ammonium chloride 101 103Index Terms Links Chlorine Engineers 217 Chromic acid production 106 regeneration system 108 201 components 110 nickel–zinc plating 111 Commercial 5-kW fuel cell stack 144 characteristics 144 control 145 emissions 145 fuel 144 operation 144 performance 144 physical 144 safety 145 sensors 145 Commercial membrane types 157 reinforced perfluorinated membranes 157 see also individual entry unreinforced perfluorinated sulfonic acid films 157 158 Contact angle, of fluorinated ionomers 63 water contact angle as a function of pretreatment 63 Copolymerization, in fluorinated ionomers manufacture 24 Current Efficiency (CE) 221 Cutting 196Index Terms Links D Dehalocarbonylation 22 Dehalocarbonylation 24 Denier 221 Dialysis, fluorinated ionomers in 123 Donnan dialysis 123 Nafion carboxylate polymer 124 pervaporation 124 Dictionaries of Electrochemistry 221 Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) 221 Diglyme 15 222 Dimethyl methylphosphonate 55 Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) 30 1,4-Diodo octafluoro butane 17 Direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs) 152 methanol crossover in 152 Nafion in reducing 153 Dispersion 222 dispersion polymerization 222 Disposal 199 Divinyl benzene (DVB) 36 Donnan dialysis 123 222 Donnan equation 175 Dow Chemicals 5 Dow synthetic route 22Index Terms Links DuPont Experimental Station 3 perfluorinated ionomers manufacture 9 DuPont Nafion PFSA membranes NRE-211 and NRE-212 205 description 205 handling practices 209 order and packaging information 206 product labeling 208 properties 207 roll storage conditions 209 scrap disposal 210 static discharges 210 Dyes 172 Bromthymol blue 172 carboxylic polymer 172 crystal violet 172 malachite green 172 methyl violet 172 Methylene blue 172 Oil Red 173 Sevron Brilliant Red 4G (DuPont) 172 E E.I. DuPont de Nemours 217 218 Economic aspects 161 chlor-alkali cells 161 fuel cells 161Index Terms Links Economic aspects (Cont.) World chlorine capacity by process 162 World chlorine capacity by type of process 163 World chlorine consumption by region 162 ElectroCells 84 Electrochem, Inc. 218 Electrochemical fluorination for perfluorinated ionomers preparation 5 Electrode 222 Electrolysis, fluorinated ionomers in 75 chromic acid regeneration 108 of chlorides 101 electro-winning of metals 112 HCl electrolysis 97 hydroxylammonium nitrate production 118 mercury or amalgam cell 98 NaCl electrolysis 76 see also individual entry on-site generation of chlorine dioxide 118 Persulfates 112 Persulfuric acid 112 potassium gold cyanide and potassium stannate 104 salt splitting 106 see also individual entry sodium hydrosulfite 116 water electrolysis 113 see also individual entry Electrolytic cells 75 ElectroProd cell 84 ElIndex Terms Links Electro-winning of metals 112 Eltech Systems 218 Entegris bipolar plates 214 Epoxides 222 E-Tek 218 Ethylene diamine (EDA) 126 Europe membrane technology in 4 EW determination by titration or infrared analysis 179 222 Experimental methods 167 EW determination 179 see also individual entry Fenton’s test for oxidative stability 182 hydrolysis, surface hydrolysis and staining 170 infrared spectra 167 see also individual entry ion exchange equilibrium 175 see also individual entry melt flow determination 180 membrane examination 183 Permselectivity determination 184 pervaporation rates measurement 185 precursor polymer versus ionic forms 181 simple electrolytic cells 186 Extrusion 223 F Fabrication, in fluorinated ionomers manufacture 26 fabric reinforcement 27 vacuum lamination 29Index Terms Links Fenton’s reaction 150 Fenton’s test for oxidative stability 182 Finishing, in fluorinated ionomers manufacture 31 Flammability 199 FLEMION 10 Fluorinated anion exchange polymers 38 Fluorinated cation exchange polymers 172 Fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) 9 223 Fluorinated ionomers 1 see also Nafion with phosphonic or sulfonyl imide functional groups manufacture 35 Fuel cells and batteries 137 benzene into 148 carbon black catalyst 139 commercial 5-kW fuel cell stack 144 see also individual entry economic aspects 161 ESR studies on Nafion 150 ionomer stability in 146 see also individual entry membrane development for 6 membrane electrode assembly (MEA) 141 operating parameters 142 see also individual entry types of 137 see also Chlor-alkali cells; Direct Methanol Fuel Cells (DMFCs); Membrane electrode bly (MEA); PEM fuel cellsIndex Terms Links Fumatech, GmbH 218 G Gas and vapor diffusion, fluorinated ionomers in 125 ethylene diamine (EDA) 126 multi-tube dryers 128 Silver ions 126 single tube dryer 128 tubular humidity exchanger 127 Gas-diffusion cathodes (GDCs) 95 HCl electrolysis using 98 NaCl electrolysis with 96 structure of 97 Gas-diffusion electrode (GDE), in fuel cells 139 Glucose sensors 120 H Hagen–Poiseuille equation 180 Handling 195 chemical contamination 195 cutting 196 installation 196 mechanical damage 195 pretreatment 196 HCl electrolysis 97 using a GDE 98 using ODC 99Index Terms Links Heat sealing 191 commercial heat-sealing equipment 191 melt fabrication of fluorinated ionomers 191 Quiver heat sealer 191 Heat Sealing 223 Hexafluoro propylene epoxide (HFPO) 10 13 22 45 addition to perfluorinated acid fluoride 15 Hexafluoropropylene (HFP) 13 223 Hydrogen peroxide, electrolytic generation 116 Hydrogen sulfide 121 Hydrogen/oxygen fuel cell system benzene into 148 Hydrolysis 170 in fluorinated ionomers manufacture 30 Hydroxylammonium nitrate prodcution 118 Hyflon-ion precursor polymer 46 heat of second fusion of 49 water uptake of 60 I Infrared spectra methods 167 Dow precursor 168 EW determination by 179 Nafion 112F 168 Nafion carboxylate precursor methyl ester form 170 Inorganic oxides, composite materials of 38 Installation 196Index Terms Links Ion exchange equilibrium 175 anion/cation equilibrium (Donnan exclusion) 175 cation/cation equilibria 176 Ionic forms of fluorinated ionomers properties 49 Aciplex F 4221 (Asahi Chemicals) 55 contact angle 63 Nafion 117 52 Nafion 324 52 Nafion 350 55 Nafion 417 53 Nafion 424 54 Nafion 450 55 Nafion 90209 55 Nafion 954 55 Nafion perfluorosulfonic acid membranes 50 solubility of gases 64 swelling in water and other solvents 55 see also Swelling property wetting 63 Ionic forms versu precursor polymer 181 Ionomer stability in fuel cells 146 CO/air bleed and fluoride ion release 147 hydroxyl radicals as degraders 146 148 membrane decay 148 mechanical properties loss due to 150 mechanism 149 using hydrogen peroxide vapors 151 oxidative attack at the cathode 148Index Terms Links Ionomers, composite materials of 38 dopant/filler incorporation into 39 Ion-Power, Inc. 218 J Japan 4 membrane technology 5 K Krupp-Uhde 218 L Liquid compositions of fluorinated ionomers manufacture 33 film casting 34 morphology 67 film-forming ability 68 viscosity 68 Lithium chloride 103 M 3M 5 10 13 24 26 59 71 148 167 219 Manufacture, fluorinated ionomers 99 composite materials of ionomers and inorganic oxides 38 fabrication 26Index Terms Links Manufacture, fluorinated ionomers (Cont.) see also individual entry finishing and testing 31 leak testing 32 fluorinated ionomers with phosphonic or sulfonyl imide functional groups 35 hydrolysis and acid exchange 30 liquid compositions 33 film casting 34 monomer synthesis 10 see also Monomer synthesis partially fluorinated ionomers 36 see also individual entry perfluorinated ionomers 9 alkyl groups used in 10 Asahi Chemicals 9 Asahi Glass 9 DuPont 9 perfluorinated vinyl ether 9 tetrafluoroethylene (TFE) 9 polymerization 24 remanufactured membranes 40 Mechanical damage 195 Melt fabrication of fluorinated ionomers 191 Melt flow (MF) determination 180 Melt indexer 180 Melt Processable Polymer 224 Membrane damage, in NaCl electrolysis 91 94Index Terms Links Membrane electrode assembly (MEA) 141 224 components 154 in fuel cells 141 manufacture of 154 continuous process for 154 hot pressing 154 Membrane examination 183 Reinforced membrane 183 unreinforced films 184 Membrane technology 3 see also Nafion Membranes 157 see also individual entries Commercial membrane types chlor-alkali cells 85 fluorinated ionomers as 85 fuel cells 148 see also under Fuel cells Mercury or amalgam cell 98 sodium amalgam 100 Methanol as fuel 152 see also Direct methanol fuel cells Methyl perfluoro 5-oxa heptenoate 17 Methyl perfluoro-3,6-dioxa-4-methyl noneoate 23 Microemulsion process 25 Monomer synthesis, in fluorinated ionomers manufacture 10 hexafluoro propylene epoxide (HFPO) 10Index Terms Links Monomer synthesis, in fluorinated ionomers manufacture (Cont.) see also individual entry methyl perfluoro 5-oxa heptenoate 17 methyl perfluoro-3,6-dioxa-4-methyl noneoate 23 perfluoro 3,6-dioxa-4-methyl- 7-octene sulfonyl fluoride 14 Perfluoro-3-oxa-4-pentene sulfonyl fluoride 22 perfluoro-4-(fluorosulfonyl)butylvinyl ether 21 perfluoro-4,7-dioxa-5-methyl-8- nonene sulfonyl fluoride 23 steps in 11 tetrafluoroethylene (TFE) 9 see also individual entry Morphology, fluorinated ionomers 65 of liquid compositions 67 see also Liquid compositions Nafion 66 Mylar films 4 N NaCl electrolysis, fluorinated ionomers in 76 bipolar electrolyzers 78 ElectroCells 84 electrodes 87 anodes 89 cathodes 89 electrode spacing 90 ElectroProd cell 84 membranes 85Index Terms Links NaCl electrolysis, fluorinated ionomers in (Cont.) monopolar electrolyzers 79 process description 90 brine purification process 91 calcium 90 93 gas-diffusion cathodes or electrodes 95 magnesium 90 membrane damage 91 94 nanofiltration 91 Uhde Cell 81 Nafion 1 see also Solution cast Nafion film 205 applications 4 discovery 3 see also DuPont Experimental Station in chlor-alkali cell 3 in fuel cells 140 143 146 149 ESR studies 150 liquid compositions of 6 Nafion 1100 EW precursor 46 Nafion 117 52 Nafion 324 157 Nafion 324 52 Nafion 350 159 Nafion 350 55 Nafion 417 158 Nafion 417 53 Nafion 424 54 Nafion 450 159Index Terms Links Nafion (Cont.) Nafion 450 55 Nafion 90209 160 Nafion 90209 55 Nafion 954 160 Nafion 954 55 Nafion carboxylate polymer, in dialysis 124 Nafion electrolytes in sensors 120 Nafion precursor polymer 46 heat of second fusion of 49 stress and strain curves for 47 tensile properties 47 Nafion sulfonic ionomer actuators based on 122 Nafion perfluorosulfonic acid membranes properties 50 as nitration catalyst 130 partially mercury-exchanged Nafion 131 trimethylsilyl ester of Nafion 132 in reducing methanol crossover in DMFCs 153 swelling in water and trimethyl phosphate 55 swelling 57 in organic solvents and water mixture 56 water uptake of 60 NAFION 10 Nickel–zinc plating 111Index Terms Links O On-site generation of chlorine dioxide 118 Operating parameters, of fuel Cells 142 current density 143 gas humidification 142 gas pressure and purity 142 gas stoichiometry 142 temperature 143 Optical properties, of fluorinated ionomers 70 Oxygen depolarized cathode (ODC) 98 cell construction using 99 HCl electrolysis using 99 Ozone production, electrolytic generation 115 P Partially fluorinated ionomers manufacture 36 fluorinated anion exchange polymers 38 non-fluorinated monomers grafting on fluorinated films 36 radiation grafted pTFE or FEP 38 polymerization 37 Partially fluorinated polymers 1 PEM fuel cells 138 activity by function 164 global applications for 164 principle 138Index Terms Links Perfluorinated acid fluoride HFPO addition to 15 Perfluorinated ionomers 1 commercial uses 1 containing phosphonic acid synthesis 1 electrochemical fluorination for preparation 5 manufacture 9 see also Manufacture physical shapes 2 Perfluorinated sulfonic acids (PFSAs) 129 195 Perfluorinated vinyl ether 9 Perfluoro 3,6-dioxa-4-methyl-7-octene sulfonyl fluoride 14 safety 14 Perfluoro dimethyl cyclobutane 26 Perfluoro methyl vinyl ether (PMVE) 9 Perfluoro propyl vinyl ether (PPVE) 9 Perfluoro vinyl ethers 3 Perfluoro-3-oxa-4-pentene sulfonyl fluoride 22 Perfluoro-4-(fluorosulfonyl)butylvinyl ether 21 Perfluoroalkyl Vinyl Ether (PAVE) 225 Perfluorosulfonic acid copolymer degradation products of 198 PermaPure, Inc. 219 Permselectivity determination 184 Persulfates 112 Persulfuric acid 112 Pervaporation 124 rates measurement 185 Thwing Albert pervaporation cup 186 Plastic-based bipolar plates 213 EIndex Terms Links Plug Power 219 Poly tetrafluoro ethylene (pTFE) 24 27 28 Polyethylene 4 Polymer fume fever (PFF) 198 Polymerization, in fluorinated ionomers manufacture 24 Polymers 1 see also Partially fluorinated polymers Perfluorinated ionomers Polytetrafluoroethylene (pTFE) 4 45 225 Potassium chloride, electrolysis 102 Potassium gold cyanide electrolysis 104 Potassium stannate electrolysis 104 Precursor polymers 174 properties 45 hyflon-ion precursor polymer 46 Nafion precursor polymer 46 uniaxial draw of 46 reactions of 174 with ammonia or amines 174 oxidative cleaving 174 reduction 174 versus ionic forms 181 Pretreatment 196 Properties, fluorinated ionomers 45 ionic forms 49 see also Ionic forms morphology 65 see also individual entry optical properties 70Index Terms Links Properties, fluorinated ionomers (Cont.) of precursor polymers 45 see also Precursor polymers stability 71 thermal properties 71 transport properties 69 Protective Clothing, fluorinated ionomers in 129 Q Quiver Ltd. 219 R Reinforced membrane examination 183 Reinforced perfluorinated membranes 157 sulfonic acid membranes 157 see also individual entry sulfonic/carboxylic membranes 159 see also individual entry Remanufactured membranes 40 Repair procedures 191 final steps of 192 first steps of 192 Reverse orientation, in fluorinated ionomers manufacture 29Index Terms Links S Safety 197 flammability 199 Polymer fume fever (PFF) 198 skin contact 197 thermal degradation products 198 thermal stability 197 ventilation 199 Salt splitting, fluorinated ionomers in 106 chromic acid production 106 sodium sulfate production 107 Sensors 119 4-decyloxy-2-(2-pyridylazo)-1-naphthol 121 carbon monoxide (CO) detector 123 glucose determination 120 hydrogen sulfide 121 immobilized 2-(5-bromo-2-pyridylazo)- 5-(diethylamino) phenol 121 Nafion electrolytes in 120 optical sensors 121 Silver ions 126 Simple electrolytic cells 186 Sintering 226 Skin contact 197 Skiving 226 Sodium hydrosulfite 116 Sodium sulfate production 107 Solubility of gases in fluorinated ionomers 64Index Terms Links Solution cast Nafion film 205 DuPont Nafion PFSA membranes NRE-211 and NRE-212 205 Solution Technology, Inc. 219 Solvay-Solexis 23 Solvay-Solexis 25 Stability, of fluorinated ionomers 71 Staining 170 see also Dyes-Storage 195 Sulfonic acid membranes 157 Nafion 324 157 Nafion 350 159 Nafion 417 158 Nafion 450 159 Sulfonic/carboxylic membranes 159 Aciplex F 4221 (Asahi Chemicals) 160 construction 159 carboxylate polymer layer 159 pTFE filaments 159 sulfonate polymer layer 159 zirconium dioxide coating 159 Nafion 90209 160 Nafion 954 160 Surface hydrolysis 170 Surface tension 226 Surfactant 226Index Terms Links Swelling property, of ionic forms of fluorinated ionomers 55 dimethyl methylphosphonate 55 factors affecting 56 58 nature of counter-ion 60 Nafion swelling in a mixture of organic solvents and water 56 water and other solvents 55 water and trimethyl phosphate 55 water uptake of Hyflon and Nafion 60 temperature affecting 61 T Teflon 172 Testing, in fluorinated ionomers Manufacture 31 leak testing 32 Tetrafluoroethylene (TFE) 9 properties 11 TFE Sultone (3,3,4,4-tetrafluoro-1,2- oxathietane S , S-dioxide) 14 Tetraglyme 15 Tetramethyl ammonium chloride electrolysis 101 103 TFE Sultone (3,3,4,4-tetrafluoro-1,2- oxathietane S , S-dioxide) 14 Thermal properties, of fluorinated ionomers 71 Thermal stability 197 Thwing Albert pervaporation cup 186 Titration, EW determination by 179 Toxicology 197Index Terms Links Transport properties, of fluorinated ionomers 69 driven by an electric current 70 driven by concentration difference 70 Tubular humidity exchanger 127 Tucker Products 219 U Uhde Cell 81 cell stack 81 design 82 Unreinforced films examination 184 Unreinforced perfluorinated sulfonic acid films 157 V Vacuum lamination, in fluorinated ionomers manufacture 29 Ventilation 199 Vinyl ethers 3 Viscosity 226 Voids 227 W Warp 227 Water electrolysis 113 electrode/ionomer contact 114 hydrogen peroxide production 116 ozone production 115 Wetting property, of fluorinated ionomers 63 227
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