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عدد المساهمات : 19002 التقييم : 35506 تاريخ التسجيل : 01/07/2009 الدولة : مصر العمل : مدير منتدى هندسة الإنتاج والتصميم الميكانيكى
| موضوع: كتاب Multilayer Flexible Packaging الخميس 10 أغسطس 2023, 7:07 am | |
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أخواني في الله أحضرت لكم كتاب Multilayer Flexible Packaging Edited by John R. Wagner, Jr.
و المحتوى كما يلي :
Table of contents Part I: Introduction 1. Introduction Abstract 1.1 Materials: A Historical Perspective 1.2 Markets: A Global Economy 1.3 Processes, Materials, Needs 1.4 Materials and Barrier 1.5 Materials and Sealing 1.6 Bringing Things Together References Part II: Resins 2. Polyethylene Abstract 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Polyethylene History and Basic Characterization 2.3 Melt Index 2.4 Density 2.5 Gel Permeation Chromatography 2.6 Low-Density Polyethylene 2.7 Free Radical Polymerization Processes 2.8 Autoclave Reactor 2.9 Tubular Reactor 2.10 Polar Ethylene Copolymers 2.11 Low-Pressure Polymerization Processes 2.12 Gas-Phase Process 2.13 Solution Process 2.14 Slurry Processes 2.15 Catalyst Chemistry 2.16 Chrome Oxide–Based Catalyst 2.17 Single-Site (Metallocene) catalyzed Polyethylene 2.18 Tie Chain Molecules 2.19 Summary Acknowledgment References 3. Polypropylene Abstract 3.1 Managerial Overview 3.2 Summary References 4. Introduction to Bio-Based Polymers Abstract 4.1 Commercially Important Novel Biopolymer References 5. Additives to Design and Improve the Performance of Multilayer Flexible Packaging Abstract 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Overview 5.3 Additive Handling, Addition, and Dosing 5.4 Additive Types and Principal Mode of Action 5.5 Suppliers and Contacts Appendix 5.1 Appendix 5.2 References 6. Rheology of Molten Polymers Abstract 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Viscosity and Melt Flow Index 6.3 Mathematical Relations 6.4 Extensional Viscosity and Melt Strength 6.5 Normal Stress Differences and Extrudate Swell 6.6 Stress Relaxation and Dynamic Measurements 6.7 Constitutive Equations 6.8 Sharkskin, Melt Fracture, and Die Lip Buildup 6.9 Rheological Problems in Coextrusion 6.10 Rheology of Filled Polymers 6.11 Rheology of Nanocomposites 6.12 Rheometers 6.13 Concluding Remarks References Part III: Technologies 7. Coextrusion Equipment for Multilayer Flat Films and Sheets Abstract 7.1 Designing and Manufacturing Multilayer Flexible Plastic Films with Multilayer Coextrusion Die Technology 7.2 Summary References 8. Multilayer Blown (Tubular) Film Dies Abstract 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Conventional Coextrusion Dies 8.3 Stacked Dies 8.4 Interfacial Instability References 9. Process Engineering Abstract 9.1 Managerial Summary 9.2 Process Engineering: What Is It and Why Is It Essential? 9.3 Some Process Engineer Tools 9.4 Examples of How Process Engineers Can Save Time and Money 9.5 Conclusion 10. Blown Film, Cast Film, and Lamination Processes Abstract 10.1 Blown Film 10.2 Cast Film 10.3 Extrusion Coating and Lamination References 11. Machine Direction–Oriented Film Technology Abstract 11.1 Managerial Summary 11.2 Description of MDO Hardware and Technology 11.3 How a Machine Direction Orientor Works 11.4 The Process and Its Effect on the Film 11.5 Properties of MD-Oriented Films 11.6 Summary References 12. Oriented Film Technology Abstract 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Orienting Technologies 12.3 Oriented Film Types—Applications 12.4 Trends for Oriented Films References 13. Polymer Blending for Packaging Applications Abstract 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Why Blend? 13.3 Blending Processes 13.4 Physics of Blending 13.5 Morphology Development in Blown Film 13.6 Dispersion of Rigid Particles and Nanocomposites 13.7 Rheology of Polymer Blends 13.8 Conclusion References 14. Water- and Solvent-Based Coating Technology Abstract 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Coating Structures 14.3 Web-Coating Machine Hardware and Functions 14.4 Coating Applicators 14.5 Effect of Solvent 14.6 Hot Melt Coaters 14.7 Selecting a Coating Method 14.8 Drying and Solidification References 15. Vacuum Metallizing for Flexible Packaging Abstract 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Decorative Coatings 15.3 Barrier Coatings 15.4 Functional Coatings 15.5 Security Applications 15.6 Metallization Basics 15.7 Pattern Metallization 15.8 Trends 15.9 Summary References 16. Web Handling and Winding Abstract 16.1 Web Handling Essentials 16.2 Rollers 16.3 Tension Control 16.4 Nip Control 16.5 Temperature Control 16.6 Guiding and Path Control 16.7 Wrinkles and Spreading 16.8 A Word About Slitting and Other Converting Processes 16.9 Winding Is Essential 16.10 Winding Tightness and the TNT’s 16.11 Winding Classes and Arrangements 16.12 Theory Applied 16.13 Other Common Wound Roll Defects References Part IV: Multilayer Films – Descriptions, Performance Characteristics, Uses, Considerations, Properties 17. PE-Based Multilayer Film Structures Abstract 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Polymer Selection 17.3 Mechanical Properties 17.4 Barrier Properties 17.5 Polymer Sealability 17.6 Adhesive Polymers 17.7 Applications for Flexible Packaging Film Structures 17.8 Summary References 18. Multilayer-Oriented Films Abstract 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Technology for Multilayer-Oriented Films 18.3 Structures 18.4 Trends for Multilayer-Oriented Films 19. Regulatory Aspects of Food Packaging—A Global Matter Abstract 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Determining the Regulatory Status of Components of a Food-Contact Material in the United States 19.3 Regulatory Report: FDA’s FCS Notification Program 19.4 Preservation of Foods by Irradiation 19.5 Regulatory Aspects of Recycled Plastics—US FDA View 19.6 EU Legislation on Food-Contact Plastics 19.7 EU Legislation for Recycled Plastics Acknowledgment References x Note: Page numbers followed by “f” and “t” refer to figures and tables, respectively. A Acid copolymer resin, 10 Acrylates, 9-10 Active and passive microwave packaging, 239f Adapter, 99, 101-103 Addition point, 53-54, 54f, 74t, 75t Additives addition and dosing, 53-55 for designing and performance improvement, 53 overview, 53 for polyamide, 75t for polyester, 75t for polyvinylchloride, 75t suppliers and contacts, 71-73 types and principal mode of action, 55-71 antiblock additives, 68-70 antioxidants, 56-63 antistats, 70-71 optical brighteners, 65-66 polyamide, 62-63 polyolefins, 58-60 polyvinylchloride, 61-62 slip additives, 66-68 UV stabilizers, 63-65 Adhesion, 12-13, 174, 211, 245, 292 Adhesive laminations, 283-284 Adhesive layer, 9, 314 Adhesive polymers, 292-294 Agglomeration, 196 Air knife coating, 215-216 advantage, 216 components of, 215-216 disadvantages, 216 operating parameters for, 216 in squeegee mode, 216 Alpha crystallinity, 41 Aluminum vacuum metallizer system, 243f Amorphous nylon, 174 Amorphous regions, 148-149, 148f Antiblock additives, 68-70 Antioxidants, 56-63 Antistatic additive, 70-71 Antistatic coating, 239 Antistatic/electromagnetic screening applications, 240 Antistats, 70-71 Apparent shear rate, 81 Applications bakery, 8, 301 cereal box liners, 300-301 cheese, 302 fish, 297-299 fresh-cut, 284, 304 frozen food, 302-304, 304t grocery, 307 meat, 296-299 medical, 295-296 milk, 302 retortable pouches, 304 shrink, 296 snack, 301 stretch wrap, 305-306 trash bags, 306, 307t Aqueous coating, 228 Aroma barrier, 9, 288 Aromatic amines, 63 Atactic polypropylene, 40 Atomic layer deposition (ALD), 238-239 Autoclave reactor, 22-23 Avantium, 52 B Baggy webs, 263, 275f Bag-in-box, 305, 305t Bagley correction, 82, 94 Bakery packaging, 301 Banks, Robert, 3-4 Barrier, 283 gas, 100, 237-239 light, 237 materials, 10-12 moisture, 147, 297 oxygen, 11, 237 properties, 151, 158-159, 169, 174, 284, 287-289 ultra, 247 water vapor, 237 Barrier film, 11, 288, 314 Barrier layer, 9, 252, 283 Basfia succiniciproducens, 50 Batch sheet coaters, 208 Benzophenone, 338 Berthelot, Marcelin, 4 Beta crystallinity, 41-42 Biaxial orientation, 155f Biaxially oriented polyamide (BOPA) films, 166-169, 167f, 311 Biaxially oriented polyethylene (BOPE) films, 169 Biaxially oriented polyethylene terephthalate (BOPET) films, 154, 163-166, 311 applications, 166 coextrusion trends in, 165f Biaxially oriented polypropylene (BOPP) films, 4, 154, 160-163, 252, 283, 311 Biaxially oriented polystyrene (BOPS) films, 168, 169f, 311 Biaxially stretched PP (BOPP) versus cast PP (CPP), 154f Binary distribution, 126-127 BioAmber, 50 Bio-based polymers, 47 polybutylene succinate, 49-50 polyethylene furanoate, 51-52 polyhydroxyalkanoate, 50-51 polylactic acid, 47-49 Birtwhistle, W.K., 4 Bisphenol A, 320-321 Blade coaters, 217 operating parameters for, 218 Blending processes, 174-179 melt blending, 176-179 pellet pre-mixing, 175-176 physics of, 179-192 reasons to, 173-174 375Blocking defect, 273-274 Blow molding, 8, 363 Blown film, 137-139, 192-195, 282 draw ratio, 194-195 extruder RPM, 194 extruder temperatures, 194 frost line height and process time, 195 interfacial tension, 193 minor phase concentration, in blend, 193 polymer elasticity, 192-195 screw design, 194 shear stress in extruder, adaptor and die, 194 viscosity ratio, 193 Blown process, 155-156 Blow-up ratio (BUR), 194 Blyth, John, 4 Bond strength, 13 BOPP multilayer film, layer thickness of, 311-312 Bowed roller, 263, 264f Brampton Engineering, 125 Branched polymers, 77, 89 Branching long chain, 18-19, 21f Branching short chain, 21f Brandenberger, Jacques E., 3 Buckle defect, 273, 273f 1,4-Butanediol, 49 Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), 134-135 C Calcium carbonate, 92-93 Caliper ridge, 275 Caliper valley, 275 Camber, 262, 275 Capillary, 81, 82f, 94 Capillary number, 184, 212-214 Capillary rheometer, 106 Capillary viscometers, 83, 94 Carothers, Wallace, 4 Carreau-Yasuda, 82 Cascade, 212, 214 Cast films, 139-141 extrusion, 282 Cast PP (CPP) versus biaxially stretched PP (BOPP), 154f Cast sheet, 4, 100, 168 Catalyst chemistry, 27-28 chrome oxide-based, 28 metallocene, 4, 17-18, 28-32, 29f, 36, 39, 83 Ziegler-Natta, 17-18, 27-28, 36 CD wrinkles, 263 Cellophane, 3 Cellulose, 47 Center fed die, 110-111 Center-surface winder, 267-268 Cereal box liners, 300-301 Cheese packaging, 302, 303t Chemical contaminants, exposure to, 336-337 Chloroform, 338 Choker bar, 114 Chrome oxide-based catalysts, 28 Cling, 305 Cloeren feedblock systems, 110 Coat hanger die, 112-113 Coat hanger manifold, 112 Coatability limits, 212 Coaters air knife, 215-216 blade, 217 curtain, 221 dip, 212-213 extrusion, 142-144, 219 forward roll, 213-214 gravure, 222 kiss, 213 knife, 216 laboratory, 208 Mayer rod, 215 meniscus, 213 microgravure, 223 pilot, 208 precision curtain, 221 reverse roll, 209, 212-214 sheet, 208 slide, 220 slot die, 218, 224-225 wire-wound rod, 215 Coating, 209, 216, 220, 262, 264 barrier, 237-239 barrier opaque, 238 barrier transparent, 238 decorative, 235-237 functional, 239-242 Coating applicators classification of, 208-210 coatabilty limits, 212 coating methods, description of, 212-224 substrate, role of, 210-212 Coating methods, 212-224 doctored methods air knife coaters, 215-216 blade coaters, 217 knife coaters, 216 Mayer rod or wire-wound rod coaters, 215 hybrid methods gravure coaters, 222 Microgravuret coaters, 223 pre-metered methods curtain coaters, 221 extrusion coaters, 219 precision curtain coaters, 221 slide coaters, 220 slot die coaters, 218 standard curtain coaters, 221 selection, 225-227 self-metered methods dip coaters, 212-213 forward roll coaters, 213-214 kiss coaters, 213 meniscus or bead-roll coaters, 213 reverse roll coaters, 214 Coating solution ingredients, 206 Coating structures, 205-206 Coating uniformity, 205 Coca-Cola Company, 52 ‘Coex tie’ resins, 12-13 Coextruded film, 9, 11 Coextrusion, 8, 137, 281, 312-313 Coextrusion adhesive technology, 293f Coextrusion equipment, 97, 114-115 adapter, 101-103 die, 104 designs, 110-114 and feedblock design parameters, 109-110 feedblock, 103 design of, 112 layer instabilities, causes and prevention of, 115-119 practical examples, 119-121 Coextrusion issues, 8 Coextrusion non barrier, 123 Cohesive energy density, 181, 181f Combining Block, 143 Combining plug, 313, 313f Compatibilizers, 189, 199 Computer numerical controlled (CNC) machining capabilities, 104 Concave spreader, 263, 263f Conductive filler, 70 Cone-and-plate instrument, 82 Confidence limits, 205 Consistency, 80 Constant rate drying, 228-229 Constant rate period, 228 Constitutive equation, 88-89 Consumer requirements, of multilayer oriented films, 317 Continuous coaters, 208 Continuous stirred tank reactors (CSTRs), 27 Continuum hypothesis, 77 Control charts, 132 Conventional coextrusion dies, 123-125 Corbion Purac, 49 Core crush, 274-275, 274f ‘Cornflakes’, 236 Corrugation, 263, 275 Cost efficiency, of multilayer oriented films, 317 Couette viscometer, 104 Cox-Merz rule, 87 376 INDEXCross model, 82, 88-89 Crosshead die, 111 Crossover point, 87 Crystalline, 19 Crystallinity, 24 alpha, 41 beta, 41-42 gamma, 42 mesomorphic, 42 smectic, 42 Crystals, 148-149 Curl, 263 Curtain coaters, 221 Curtain coating, 212 D Dacron, 4 Dancers, 259 Danone, 52 Data interrogation, 134 Data recommendations for 3° recycling processes for PET and PEN, 342 Deborah numbers, 88 Decorative coatings, for packaging, 235-237 Defect detection capability, 231 Degradation, 40, 44, 60-61 Delamination peel-seal mechanism, 292 Density, 9, 19 Design of experiments (DOEs), 131 Diagonal shear wrinkles, 263 Dickson, James Tennant, 4 Die, 104 designs, 110-114 cylindrical, 123 modular, 127 rotating, 124 stacked, 125-127 and feedblock design parameters, 109-110 Die drool, 90-91 Die land, 92 Die lip build-up, 90-91 Die swell, 86 Differential gravure coating, 222 Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), 28 Dilatent fluid, 105 Dip coating, 212-213 Direct gravure coating, 222 Dispersion, 65 Dispersive mixing, 176 Doctored coating air knife coaters, 215-216 blade coaters, 217 knife coaters, 216 Mayer rod/wire-wound rod coaters, 215 methods, 209 Double bubble process, 155-156 Double wave screw, 178 Dow feedblock, 103, 109 Draw down ratio (DDR), 194-195 Draw ratio, 194-195 Droplet breakup, 184, 189, 191 Dryers, 207, 225, 227 Drying, 227 conduction, 228 constant rate, 228-229 falling rate, 228-229 infrared, 228 microwave, 228 online defect characterization, 230-234 basic principles, 230 defect detection capability, 231 online coating weight measurement, 231-234 surface inspection system, 230-231 online quality control systems, 229-230 traditional quality control systems, 229-230 and solidification, 227-234 constant rate and falling rate drying, 228-229 pollution considerations in, 229-234 Duplex rewinder, 269-270 DuPont Company, 11, 174 Dynamic measurements, 86-87 ‘Dyneema’ fiber, 4 E Edible oil packaging, 305 Effective barrier, use of, 341-342 E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co, 3 Einstein-Batchelor equation, 93 Elastomers, 43 Electromagnetic interference (EMI), 242 Electron beam evaporation, 243-244 Elongational viscosity, 84, 193 Encapsulation, 109, 116 End-fed dies, 110-111 Energy transfer screw, 178 Engineer maintenance, 129 process, 129-135 product, 129 project, 129 Escherichia coli, 50 Ethylene, 17 Ethylene acrylic acid (EAA), 24 Ethylene methyl acrylate (EMA), 24 Ethylene methyl acrylic acid (EMAA), 24 Ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA), 24, 174, 282 EVA resin, 13 Ethylene vinyl alcohol (EVOH), 11, 169, 174, 194, 282 Ethylene-propylene copolymers, 43 Ethylene-propylene rubber (EPR), 43, 182 Ethylene-propylene-butene terpolymers, 43 Ethylene-propylene-diene rubber (EPDM), 174 EPDM elastomers, 43 EU Legislation for Recycled Plastics, 358-359 Recycled Plastics in Food-Contact Materials, 358-359 EU Regulation No. 10/2011 on plastic materials, 344 European Commission (EC), 320 European Food Safety Authority’s (EFSA), 320 Evaporation, electron beam, 243-244 Exfoliation, 196-197 Expanded polystyrene (EPS), 5 Extensional viscosity, 84 External antistat, 70 Extrudate swell, 85-86 Extruder, adaptor and die shear stress in, 194 Extruder RPM, 194 Extruder temperatures, 194 Extrusion, 261-262 Extrusion coating, 219 and lamination, 142-144, 282 operating parameters for, 220 F Falling rate drying, 228-229 Farrel continuous mixer, 178 Fatty acid amides, classification of, 66-67 Fawcett, Eric, 3 FCS Notification Program, 322-326 definitions, history, and scope, 322-323 FCS formulations, 325-326 increasing the odds of success, 325 notification process, 323-325 FDA regulations for treatment of foods with radiation, 327 Feedblock coextrusion, 99-101, 116 Feedblock profiling, 91-92 Feedblock technology, 103, 109-110 Filled polymers, rheology of, 92-93 Fillers, 53 Film, antistatic, 241 Films and multilayer structures packaging, writing guide for, 363 Films oriented biaxially, 160-170 BOPA films, 166-169, 167f BOPE films, 169 BOPET films, 163-166 BOPP films, 160-163 INDEX 377Films oriented biaxially (Continued) BOPS films, 168, 169f polylactide (PLA), 169-170, 170f Fitness for use (FFU), 135 Five-layer film applications, 315f Five-layer film structures, 311f, 314 Fixed geometry adaptors, 102 Flake metallic pigment production process, schematic of, 237f Flat spiral distribution, 126 Flexible packaging, 5, 281 Flexible packaging applications common polymers used for, 285t performance requirements for, 284-286 Flexible packaging film structures, 293-294 food packaging, 296-307 bag-in-box, 305 bakery, 301 cereal box liners, 300-301 cheese packaging, 302, 303t edible oil packaging, 305 fresh-cut produce, 304 frozen foods, 302-304, 303t, 304f grocery sacks (merchandise bags), 307, 307t heavy duty bags (shipping bags), 306, 306t high clarity shrink film (oriented), 307, 307t milk pouches, 302, 303t poultry/fish packaging, 297-299 primal meat packaging (shrink), 296 processed meat packaging, 297 retortable pouches, 304 salty snack packaging, 301 snack food packaging, 301 stretch wrap, 305-306, 305f, 306t trash bags, 306, 307t medical packaging, 295-296 Flow simulation software, 127-128 Fluorescence, 65 Fluorocarbon polymers, 90 Foamed plastics, 210 Food additive, definition of, 322-323 Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 319 FCS Notification Program, 322-326 Food Radiation Specifications, 326t recycled plastics, regulatory aspects of, 333-344 regulations for treatment of foods with radiation, 327 Food contact substance (FCS), 321 Food packaging, 296-307 bag-in-box, 305 bakery, 301, 303t cereal box liners, 300-301 cheese packaging, 302, 303t edible oil packaging, 305 fresh-cut produce, 304 frozen foods, 302-304, 303t, 304f grocery sacks (merchandise bags), 307t heavy duty bags (shipping bags), 306t high clarity shrink film (oriented), 307t milk pouches, 302, 303t poultry/fish packaging, 297-299 primal meat packaging (shrink), 296 processed meat packaging, 297 retortable pouches, 304 salty snack packaging, 301 snack food packaging, 302t stretch wrap, 305-306, 306t trash bags, 307t Food packaging, regulatory aspects of, 319 bisphenol A (BPA), 320-321 EU Legislation for Recycled Plastics, 358-359 FDA’s FCS Notification program, 322-326 food preservation, by irradiation, 326-332 FDA regulations for treatment of foods with radiation, 327 Title 21 CFR 179, 327-332 food-contact material components, 321-322 Food-Contact Formulation Compliance Notification, 322 food-contact plastics, EU Legislation on, 344-358 Chapter I—General Provisions, 351-353 Chapter II: Compositional Requirements, 353-354 Chapter III: Specific Provisions for Certain Materials and Articles, 355 Chapter IV: Declaration of Compliance and Documentation, 355-356 Chapter V: Compliance, 356-357 Chapter VI: Final Provisions, 357-358 consolidating paragraphs, 344-351 EU Regulation No. 10/2011 on plastic materials, 344 recycled plastics (US FDA view), 333-344 chemistry considerations, 333-344 elimination of data recommendations for 3° recycling processes for PET and PEN, 342 exposure to chemical contaminants, 336-337 plastic containers from nonfoodcontact applications as feedstock, 339-341 processes, 335-336 surrogate contaminant testing, 337-339, 343-344 use of an effective barrier, 341-342 Food preservation, by irradiation, 326-332 FDA regulations for treatment of foods with radiation, 327 Title 21 CFR 179 Subpart B: Radiation and Radiation, 327-331 Subpart C: Packaging Materials for Irradiated Foods Sources, 331-332 Food-contact material components in the United States, 321-322 Food-Contact Formulation Compliance Notification, 322 Food-contact plastics, EU Legislation on, 344-358 Chapter I—General Provisions, 351-353 Chapter II: Compositional Requirements, 353-354 Chapter III: Specific Provisions for Certain Materials and Articles, 355 Chapter IV: Declaration of Compliance and Documentation, 355-356 Chapter V: Compliance, 356-357 Chapter VI: Final Provisions, 357-358 consolidating paragraphs, 344-351 EU Regulation No. 10/2011 on plastic materials, 344 Forward gravure coating, 222 Forward roll coaters, 213-214 operating parameters for, 214 Forward roll coating, 212 Fountain fed coaters, 213 Four-roll pan-fed reverse roll coater, 214f Free radical polymerization processes, 22 Fresh-cut produce, 304 Frost line height and process time, 195 Frozen food packaging, 303, 304f, 304t Functional coatings, 239-242 2,5-Furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA), 51 G Gamma crystallinity, 42 Gap winding, 268 Gas-phase process, 25-26 Gel permeation chromatography (GPC), 20-22, 36 Generally recognized as safe (GRAS) status, 321 Gibson, Reginald, 3 Good and Girifalco equation, 183-184 Gravimetric pellet mixers, 176 Gravure cell patterns, 223f Gravure coating, 209-210, 222 operating parameters for, 223 Grocery sacks (merchandise bags), 307t Gross melt fracture, 90 378 INDEXH Heat seal strength versus seal bar temperature, 290f Heat sealing, 290 Heavy duty bags (shipping bags), 306t Hexamethyldisiloxane (HMDSO), 244f, 245 High barrier, 288 High clarity shrink film (oriented), 307t High melt index, 80 High-density polyethylene (HDPE), 17-18, 25, 147, 174 High-impact polystyrene (PS) blend, 179 Histogram, 130 Hogan, J. Paul, 3-4 Hologram, 242 Holographic embossing, 236 Holographic packaging, 235 Homopolymer, 23, 35 Horizontal form-fill-seal (HFFS), 291, 294 Hot melt coaters, 225 Hot tack performance, 291f Hot tack strength, 285 Hot transfer, 235-236 Hot/cold stamping foil foil construction, 235-236, 236f transfer process, 235-236, 236f Hybrid coating gravure coaters, 222 Microgravuret coaters, 223 Hybrid coating methods, 209-210 Hybrid methods, 209-210 Hydrolysis, 60 I I.G. Farben, 4-5 Imperial Chemical Company (ICI), 4, 17 Induction heated evaporation, 243 Industrial Technology Research Institute (ITRI), 52 Infinite cavity designs, 110 Infrared dryers, 228 In-line coating-process, of multilayer oriented films, 311-312 In-line lamination, of multilayer oriented films, 311-312 Inline mixers, 175 In-line process, of multilayer oriented films, 311 Inorganic antiblock additives, 68 Instability, 92 Interfacial instabilities, 92, 116-117, 119, 127-128 Interfacial instability, 116-117 Interfacial peel-seal mechanism, 292 Interfacial tension, 193 Interlayer adhesion, 12-13, 292 Internal antistat, 70 Intrinsic viscosity, 80-81 In-vacuum polymer deposition, schematic of, 248f Inverted preland die, 113-114 Ionomers, 24-25, 289 Irradiation, food preservation by, 321, 326-332 Isotactic polypropylene, 40-42 K Kaminsky, Walter, 4 K-BKZ integral model, 89 Kiss coating, 213 Kiss roll, 213 Knife coating, 216 operating parameters for, 217 Krieger-Dougherty equation, 93 K-value, 80-81 L Laboratory sheet coater, 208, 212f Lactic acid, 47-48 Lamination, 261-262, 283-284 Lamination process, 137, 287 Laser system advantages, 231 Layer instability, 116-117 Layer nonuniformity, 91 Layer rearrangement, 116 Linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE), 17-18, 28, 84, 150, 174, 182, 282 LLDPE polymer, 286 Linear polymers, 77, 193-194 Linear viscoelasticity, 87 Liquidambar orientalis, 4 LISIM (linear motor simultaneous stretching system) technology, 157-158, 158f Load cell, 259 Load control, 260 Long chain branching (LCB), 182 Longitudinal-transverse (MD/TD) process, 164-165 Longitudinal-transverse-longitudinal (MD/ TD/MD) processes, 164-165 Loop reactors, 27 Loss modulus, 87, 89, 94-95 Low density polyethylene (LDPE), 17, 22, 84, 174, 182, 286 LDPE homopolymer, 23, 23f Low melt index, 80 Low-pressure polymerization processes, 25 Lubricants, 62, 71 M Machine direction (MD), 150-151, 194-195, 263, 272-273 Machine direction orientation (MDO), of films, 147, 158-159 description of, 147 machine direction orientor, working of, 147-148 managerial summary, 147 process and effects on film, 148-149 properties, 149-152 recent advances, 151-152 Maddock mixer, 177-178 Manifold dies, 104 Market driver, 8 Markets global economy, 5-8 Masterbatches, 173-174 Matching layer viscosity, 92 Materials, 8-10 and barriers, 10-12 coextrusion structures, assembling, 12-13 historical perspective, 3-5 and sealing, 12 Mathematical relations, 81-83 Maxwell model, 88 Mayer rod/wire-wound rod coaters, 215 Medical device packaging structures, 295-296 Medical packaging, 295-296 Melt blending, 176-179 Melt disturbance, 115-117 Melt flow index (MFI), 80. See also Melt index (MI) Melt flow rate (MFR), 80 Melt fracture, 79, 90 Melt index (MI), 18-19, 25-26, 80, 291 Melt indexers, 80f, 94 Melt strength, 44, 84 Meniscus or bead-roll coaters, 213 Meredian, 51 Metabolix, 51 Metallization, 284 basics, 243-249 pattern, 249-250 Metallizing, 235 Metallocene, 4, 28-32, 39-40 Metallocene catalyst, 4 Metallocene polyethylene plastomer (mPE), 174 Metastyrol, 4 Microgravure coaters, 223 Microwave radiation, 228, 239-240 Migrating slip additives, 66 Migration, 55, 66 Milk packaging, 303t Miscibility of polymer blends, 182 Mixing equipment, 206 Modified atmosphere packaging (MAP), 237 Modifiers, 53, 55 antiblock additives, 68-70 antistats, 70-71 optical brighteners, 65-66 slip additives, 66-68 INDEX 379Modulus, 87, 94 Moisture, 288 barrier, 10 Moisture permeability coefficients, 289t Moisture transmission rate, calculation of, 288t Molecular weight (MW), 18-21, 35-36, 79 Molecular weight distribution (MWD), 20-21 Molten polymers, rheology of, 77 constitutive equations, 88-89 die lip build-up, 90-91 dynamic measurements, 86-87 extensional viscosity, 84 extrudate swell, 85-86 mathematical relations, 81-83 melt flow index (MFI), 80 melt fracture, 90 melt strength, 84 normal stresses differences, 85-86 rheological problems, in coextrusion, 91-92 rheometers, 94-95 sharkskin, 90 stress relaxation, 86-87 viscosity, 78-81 Mono-axially oriented propylene (MOPP) films, 170 Monoethylene glycol (MEG), 51 Monsanto Company, 11 Multicavity dies, 99-101, 114 Multilayer, 281 Multilayer blown (tubular) film dies, 123 conventional coextrusion dies, 123-125 interfacial instability, 127-128 stacked dies, 125-127 Multilayer coextrusion, 99 Multilayer films, 97, 100 stiffness, 286 for syringe package, 295 Multilayer oriented films structures, 313-316 technology for, 311-313 trends for, 317-318 consumer requirements, 317 cost efficiency, 317 sustainability, 317-318 Multivariate statistical process control, 132-135 Multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT), 197 Myriant, 50 N Nanocomposites, 195-197 rheology of, 93-94 Nanosized reinforcements, 93 Natta, Giulio, 25 NatureWorks, 48-49 Neutralizers, 71 Newlight Technologies, 51 Newtonian fluid, 86, 105 Newton’s law of viscosity, 78 Nip, 271-272 dynamic impression, 261f static impression, 261f Nip control, 260-261 fixed load, 260f fixed position, 260f Nip-fed coaters, 213 Nitrogen, 287, 301 Nitrogen blanket, 224 Non-barrier coextrusion, 123 Non-migrating slip additives, 66 Non-Newtonian behavior, 193-194 Non-Newtonian fluids, 81, 185 Normal stress, 85-86 Normal stress difference, 8, 85-86 Noryl, 179 Number average molecular weight (Mn), 77 Nylon, 11 O Octene, 19 Off-line winders, 269-270 Online defect characterization, 230-234 basic principles, 230 defect detection capability, 231 online coating weight measurement, 231-234 surface inspection system, 230-231 Online quality control systems, 229-230 advantages, 229 disadvantages, 229 Opaque barrier coatings, 238 Operator interrogation, 133-134 Optical brighteners, 65-66 Optics, 147 Organic antiblock additives, 68-69 Orientation process, 4, 154 Orientation Technology Machine, 154-159 sequential, 157-159 simultaneous, 147, 157-159 transverse, 171 Oriented film technology, 153 films oriented biaxially, 160-170 BOPA films, 166-168 BOPE films, 169 BOPET films, 163-166 BOPP films, 160-163 BOPS films, 168 polylactide, 169-170 in machine direction, 170-171 in transverse direction, 171-172 trends for, 171-172 Original equipment manufacturers (OEMs), 123 Oxygen, 283-284, 287, 304 Oxygen barrier, 11 Oxygen permeability coefficients, for polymers, 288t P Packaging, 3 Pan-fed forward roll coaters, 213 Pattern metallization, 249-250 PE (poly-ethylene), 3 PE based multilayer film structures, 279 adhesive polymers, 292-294 barrier properties, 287-289 conversion factors, list of, 308t flexible packaging film structures, 293-294 food packaging, 296-307 medical packaging, 295-296 mechanical properties, 286-287 polymer sealability, 290-292 polymer selection, 284-286 Peel Seal/Easy Seal resin, 10 Peelable seal blends, 193 Pellet mixers, 175 Permeability, 288 Permeation rates, 288 Perrin, Michael, 3 PET (polyester), 3 PET heat-seal laminate barrier-lidding material, 252f Petroleum-based polymers, 47 Phase inversion, 176, 192 Phenolic antioxidant, 58-59, 63 Phillips catalyst, 3-4 Phosphites, 61, 63 Physical properties, 9 Pinhole, 238, 247-248, 252, 283 Pivoting dancer, 259f Plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD), 239, 245 Plastic containers from nonfood-contact applications as feedstock, 339-341 Plastic film stretching, 155f Plasticizer, 62 Polar ethylene copolymers, 24-25 Pollution considerations, 229-234 Polyamide, 10, 62-63 Polybutene-1 (PB), 193 Polybutylene succinate (PBS), 49-50 Polycarbonate (PC), 174, 320 Polydispersity index (PDI), 77 Poly-D-lactic acid (PDLA), 47-48 Polyester, additives for, 75t Polyethylene (PE), 3, 15, 17, 205-206, 253, 282-283, 287 catalyst chemistry 380 INDEXchrome oxide-based catalysts, 28 single-site catalysts, 28-32 Ziegler-Natta, 27-28 gas-phase process, 25-26 history and basic characterization, 17-18 linear low density polyethylene, 25 low density polyethylene autoclave reactor, 22-23 density, 19 free radical polymerization processes, 22 gel permeation chromatography, 20-22 LDPE homopolymer, 23, 23f tube reactor, 23-24 low-pressure polymerization processes, 25 melt index, 18-19 transition metal catalyst polymerization processes slurry process, 27 solution process, 26 Polyethylene compatibility, 179 Polyethylene furanoate (PEF), 51-52 Polyethylene terephthalate (PET/PETE), 4, 11-12, 52 Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA), 50-51 Poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB), 50 Polylactic acid (PLA), 47-49, 169-170, 180 PLA stereocomplex, 47-48 Polylactide. See Polylactic acid (PLA) Poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA), 47-48 Polymer blending compatibilizers, role of, 189 free energy of mixing, 180 immiscible blends, 179 melting, role of, 176-179, 190 miscibility, 179, 182 morphology, 173 in blown film, 192-195 phase inversion, 176, 192 physics, 179-192 single droplet breakup mechanisms, 183 solubility parameter, 181-182, 181t, 182t specialty compounding devices, 178, 198 thermodynamics, 180-183 twin screw extruders, 178 Polymer blending, for packaging applications, 173 blending processes, 174-179 melt blending, 176-179 pellet pre-mixing, 175-176 physics of, 179-192 reason to, 173-174 morphology development in blown film, 192-195 in immiscible blends, 183-192 rheology of, 197-198 rigid particles and nanocomposites, dispersion of, 195-197 thermodynamics, 180-183 Polymer blends dispersion of rigid particles, 195-197 improving properties, 174 melt flow index, 197 reasons to, 173-174 rheology, 197-198 single screw extrusion, 174-175 single-screw extrusion, 176 Polymer deposition in vacuum, 248 Polymer elasticity, 193-194 Polymer films, 282-283 Polymer molecular weight, 35-36 Polymer sealability, 290-292 Polymer selection, 284-286 Polymer thermal and sealing properties, 290t Polymer viscosity, 117 Polymerization free radical, 22 Polymerization process, 4 gas phase, 25-26 slurry, 27 solution, 26 Polymethylene, 3 Polyolefin elastomers (POEs), 31 Polyolefin plastomer (POP), 31, 282 Polyolefins (PO), 54, 58-60 additives for, 74t Polyphenylene oxide, 179 Polypropylene (PP), 49, 210 atactic, 40 copolymers, 43 gas phase polymerization, 39 isotactic, 40-42 liquid propylene polymerization, 37-38 managerial overview, 35-44 metallocene catalyzed polymerization, 39-40 molecular weight characterization, 35-36 and polyethylene, 58-60 processing, 43 semicrystalline structure, 41f slurry process polymerization, 37 solution polymerization, 39 syndiotactic, 42-43 tacticity, characterizing, 36 usage, challenges of, 43-44 Ziegler-Natta catalyzed polypropylene, 39 Polyvinyl alcohol, 182t Polyvinyl chloride (PVC), 61-62, 80-81, 283 Pom-Pom polymer model, 89 Porosity, 210-211 Position control, 260 Postmetallocene, 4 Postmetallocene catalysts, 4 Poultry/fish packaging, 297-299 Power law, 79 Power law fluid, 106-107 Power-law index, 107-108, 112-113 Power-law model, 81 PP (polypropylene), 3 Precision curtain coaters, 221 Premetered coating, 209, 219, 221 curtain coaters, 221 extrusion coaters, 219 precision curtain coaters, 221 slide coaters, 220 slot die coaters, 218 standard curtain coaters, 221 Primal meat packaging (shrink), 296 Primary effect, 55 Process gas phase, 39 liquid, 37-38 slurry, 37 solution, 39 Process engineering, 129 essential of, 129 statistical tools design of experiments (DOEs), 131 histogram, 130 multivariate statistical process control, 132-135 scatter diagram, 130 univariate control charts, 132 time and money, saving, 135-136 tools of, 129-135 Processed meat packaging, 297 Processing aids, 90 Profile, 8 PS (polystyrene), 3, 9 Pseudo-plastic behavior, 79 Pseudoplastic material, 105 PTT Chemical, 50 PTTMCC Biochem (PTTMCC), 50 PVdC (polyvinylidene chloride), 3, 10, 282 R Rabinowitsch correction, 81, 95, 106 Radio frequency identification (RFID), 242 Radio frequency interference (RFI), 242 Rayon, 3 Reactors autoclave, 22-23 tube, 23-24 Reclaim, 9, 136 Rectangular manifolds, 113, 116 Recycled plastics, regulatory aspects of, 333-344 chemical contaminants, exposure to, 336-337 INDEX 381Recycled plastics, regulatory aspects of (Continued) effective barrier, use of, 341-342 elimination of data recommendations for 3° recycling processes for PET and PEN, 342 plastic containers from nonfood-contact applications as feedstock, 339-341 recycling processes, 335-336 chemical reprocessing, 336 physical reprocessing, 335-336 preconsumer scrap, 335 surrogate contaminant testing, 337-339, 343-344 choice of surrogates, 338 contamination of the plastic, 338-339 Registration (position control), 260 Regulatory status, 56 Relaxation, 86-87 Reptation, 89 Residence time, 124, 127 Retortable pouches, 304 Reverdia, 50 Reverse gravure coating, 222 Reverse roll coaters, 212, 214 Rheological problems, in coextrusion, 91-92 Rheology, 77 Rheometers, 94-95 Ribbing, 213-214 Rigid particles and nanocomposites, dispersion of, 195-197 Ritchie, C.G., 4 Rollers, 258-259 Rotary pallet stretch cling wrapper, 305f Rotating die systems, 124 Rotational rheometers, 94 Rotational viscometers, 82-83 S Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 50 Salty snack packaging, 301 Samsung Fine Chemicals, 51 Saxton mixer, 177-178 Scatter diagram, 130 Screw design, 119, 194 Seal bar pressure, 292 Sealability, 285 Sealant layer, 12 Sealing, 12 Seashore, 214 Secondary effect, 56 Secondary flow, 116f Security applications, 242-243 Security packaging, 242 Self-metered coating methods, 209 free meniscus mode, 209 free meniscus plus film splitting, 209 Self-metered methods dip coaters, 212-213 forward roll coaters, 213-214 kiss coaters, 213 meniscus or bead-roll coaters, 213 reverse roll coaters, 214 Semi-crystalline, 19 Sequential orientation, 157-158 Service life, 56-58 Seven-layer configuration, 316f Seven-layer multichannel die, in ABCDCBA configuration, 313 Sharkskin, 90 Shear rate, 78-79, 81, 90, 106 Shear stress, 78-79, 81, 85, 105, 107, 116 Shear thinning, 79 Shear viscosity, 104, 106 Shrink film applications, 171, 171f Side feed, 125 Simon, Eduard, 4 Single screw extrusion - polymer blends, 191 Single site catalysts (SSC), 28-32 Single-screw extruder, 176 Single-sided drying, 227 Sinn, Hansjo¨rg, 4 Size exclusion chromatography, 36 Slide coaters, 220 operating parameters for, 221 Slip, 83 Slip additives, 66-68 Slipped core winding, 270, 270f Slitter rewinder, 269-270 time cycle, 271f Slitting, 262, 264 Slot die coaters, 218 operating parameters for, 219 Slot die coating, 205, 212 Slurry, 27 Small electron beam gun, schematic of, 244f Smectic/mesomorphic crystallinity, 42 Snack food packaging, 302t Sodium, ionomers of, 24-25, 25f Solegear Bioplastic, 49 Solubility parameter, 181, 182t Solution, 26 Solution preparation, 206 Solvent coating, 224-225 Solvents, 224-225 Sorption of surrogate contaminants into plastic, 343-344 Spiral mandrel, 124-126 Stabilizers, 53, 55 antioxidants, 56-63 polyamide, 62-63 polyolefins, 58-60 polyvinylchloride, 61-62 UV stabilizers, 63-65 Stacked die system, 125-127 Standard curtain coaters, 221 operating parameters for, 221 Starch, 47 Starring, 275-276, 276f Statistical techniques, 129-130 Stiffness, 3, 9, 211 Storage modulus, 87 Strain, 77 Stress, 77 Stress relaxation, 86-87 Stretch cling pallet wrap, 306t Stretch wrap, 305-306 Stretching, 153-156 Styrol, 4 Styrol oxide. See Styroloxyd Styroloxyd, 4 Subbing layers, 212 Substrate, role of, 210-212 closed structures, 210 embossed plastic substrates, 211 foamed plastics, 210 open porous structure, 210 porosity, 210-211 stiffness, 211 technical importance for, 210 thickness, 210-211 wettability, 211 Succinic acid, 49 Succinity, 50 Surface area, 124-125, 127 Surface inspection system, 230-231 advantages, 230 Surface mattness, 90 Surface treatment corona, 245 flame, 245 plasma, 245, 247-248 Surface winder, 267-268 Surging, 133-134 Surrogate contaminant testing, 337-339 choice of surrogates, 338 contamination of the plastic, 338-339 Sustainability, of multilayer oriented films, 317-318 Swell ratio, 86 Syndiotactic polymer, 35 Syndiotactic polypropylene, 42-43 T Tacticity, 36 Taghleef Industries, 49 Tamper evident labels, 242-243 Tear drop manifolds, 112 Temperature control, 261-262 Tensile properties, 152 Tension control, 259-260, 271 Terylene, 4 Thermal degradation, 60-61 382 INDEXThermodynamics of polymer blends, 180-183 Thermoform/fill/seal packaging, 294 Thermo-oxidation, 62 Thin film coating, nucleation and growth of, 247f Tie chain molecules, 32-33 Tie resin, 12-13 Time-temperature superposition, 94 Title 21 CFR 179 Subpart B: Radiation and Radiation, 327-331 Subpart C: Packaging Materials for Irradiated Foods Sources, 331-332 Toluene, 338 Tools, 129-135 Torque, 272, 272f Torque rheometers, 94 Tortuous path, 248 Toyota, 93 Traction, concept of, 258-259 Traditional quality control systems, 229-230 disadvantages, 230 Transmission, 288 Transparent barrier coatings, 239, 244, 252 Transverse direction orienter (TDO), 154-157 Transverse direction (TD), 150, 151f, 194-195 Transverse-longitudinal (TD/MD) process, 164-165 Trash bags, 306, 307t Trouton ratio, 84 T-slot die, 110-111 Tube reactor, 23-24 Tubing and Sheathing, 8 Turret winder, 268 Twin-screw extruders, 177-178 Twin-screw extrusion-polymer blends, 178 Two-sided drying, 227 U Uniformity index (UI), 111 Univariate control charts, 132 US Plastic Film Market, 7-8 UV stabilizers, 65 V Vacuum, 218-219 Vacuum deposited coating, 235 Vacuum metallizing, for flexible packaging, 235 barrier coatings, 237-239 gas barrier, 237-239 light barrier, 237 oxygen barrier, 237 water vapor barrier, 237 decorative coatings, 235-237 functional coatings, 239-242 metallization, basics of, 243-249 pattern metallization, 249-250 security applications, 242 trends, 250-253 Variable barrier energy transfer screw, 178 Variable geometry feed block, 103 Velocity profile, 107 Vendors, 7-8 Vertical form-fill-seal (VFFS), 294 Vinyl acetate (VA), 24 Viscoelastic, 88-89 Viscoelastic models, 89 Viscosity, 78-81, 104, 106 of polymer blends, 83 Viscosity ratio, 193 Volume factor, 222-223 von Hofmann, August Wilhelm, 4 von Pechmann, Hans, 3 W Wall slip, 83, 95 Water- and solvent-based coating technology, 205 coating applicators classification of, 208-210 coatabilty limits, 212 coating methods, description of, 212-224 substrate, role of, 210-212 coating method selection, 225-227 coating structures, 205-206 coating uniformity, 205 drying and solidification, 227-234 constant rate and falling rate drying, 228-229 pollution considerations in drying, 228-229 hot melt coaters, 225 solvent, effect of, 224-225 web coating machine hardware and functions, 206-208 Waves, 220-221 Web, 207 Web bagginess, 275 Web breaks, 259, 266-267, 270-271 Web coating machine hardware and functions, 206-208 Web handling common wound roll defects, 274-277 essentials, 257-258 guiding and path control, 262 nip control, 260-261 rollers, 258-259 slitting and converting processes, 264 temperature control, 261-262 tension control, 259-260 theory applied, 271-274 and winding, 264-265 classes and arrangements, 267-271 tightness and TNT’s, 265-267 wrinkles and spreading, 262-263 Web Handling Research Center (WHRC), 257 Web transport system, 220 Weight average molecular weight (MW), 77 Weissenberg effect, 85-87, 85f Weld line, 125-126 WELEX feedblock design, 109-110 Wettability, 207, 211 Whinfield, John Rex, 4 Winding, 264-265 classes and arrangements, 267-271 tightness and TNT’s, 265-267 Winding defects, 271, 277 Wound roll defects, 274-277 Wrinkles and spreading, 262-263 Wrinkling, 274 X X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques, 40-41 Y Yasui Seiki CAD laboratory coater, 208f Z Ziegler, Carl, 17-18 Ziegler, Karl, 4 Ziegler-Natta catalyst, 25, 27-28 Ziegler-Natta catalyzed polypropylene, 39 Zig-zag instability, 92 Zinc, ionomers of, 24-25
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