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 |  موضوع: كتاب Power Piping - the Complete Guide الأربعاء 27 مايو 2020, 12:44 am | |
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Power Piping - the Complete Guide
TO ASME B31.1
By Charles Becht IV
و المحتوى كما يلي :
Contents
About the Author iii
List of Figures . ix
List of Tables . xi
Chapter 1
Background and General Information 1
1.1 History of B31.1 1
1.2 Scope of B31.1 2
1.3 What is Piping? . 4
1.4 Intent . 4
1.5 Responsibilities . 8
1.5.1 Owner 8
1.5.2 Designer 8
1.5.3 Manufacturer, Fabricator, and Erector 9
1.5.4 Inspector 9
1.6 How is B31.1 Developed and Maintained 9
1.7 Code Editions and Addenda 10
1.8 How Do I Get Answers to Questions About the Code? 10
1.9 How can I Change the Code? 11
Chapter 2
Organization of B31.1 13
2.1 Boiler External Piping and Non-Boiler External Piping . 13
2.2 Code Organization 13
2.3 Non-Mandatory Appendices . 14
Chapter 3
Design Conditions and Criteria 15
3.1 Design Conditions . 15
3.1.1 Design Pressure . 15
3.1.2 Design Temperature 16
3.2 Allowable Stress 16
3.3 Weld Joint Efficiency and Casting Quality Factors 17
3.4 Weld Joint Strength Reduction Factors . 17
3.5 Allowances for Temperature and Pressure Variations . 20
3.6 Overpressure Protection 20
Chapter 4
Pressure Design 23
4.1 Methods for Internal Pressure Design . 23
4.2 Pressure Design of Straight Pipe for Internal Pressure . 24
Insert 4.1 Sample Wall Thickness Calculation 28
Insert 4.2 Basic Stress Calculations for Cylinders Under Pressure . 28
4.3 Pressure Design for Straight Pipe Under External Pressure . 29
vi Contents
4.4 Pressure Design of Welded Branch Connections 33
4.5 Pressure Design of Extruded Outlet Header . 37
4.6 Additional Considerations for Branch Connections Under External Pressure . 37
4.7 Branch Connections that are Assumed to be Acceptable 39
4.8 Pressure Design of Bends and Elbows 39
4.9 Pressure Design of Miters . 40
4.10 Pressure Design of Closures . 42
4.11 Pressure Design of Flanges . 42
4.12 Pressure Design of Blind Flanges . 42
4.13 Pressure Design of Blanks 42
4.14 Pressure Design of Reducers 43
4.15 Specially Designed Components 43
Chapter 5
Limitations on Components and Joints . 45
5.1 Overview . 45
5.2 Valves 45
5.3 Flanges 46
5.4 Fittings, Bends, Miters, and Branch Connections . 47
5.5 Bolting . 48
5.6 Welded Joints 48
5.7 Threaded Joints . 48
5.8 Tubing Joints . 49
5.9 Miscellaneous Joints . 49
Chapter 6
Design Requirements for Specific Systems 51
6.1 Overview . 51
6.2 Boiler External Piping . 52
6.3 Other System Requirements . 53
Chapter 7
Design for Sustained and Occasional Loads 55
7.1 Primary Longitudinal Stresses 55
Insert 7.1 Span Limits for Elevated Temperature Piping . 55
7.2 Sustained Longitudinal Stress . 60
7.3 Limits of Calculated Stress from Occasional Loads . 61
Chapter 8
Design Criteria for Thermal Expansion 63
8.1 Allowable Stress for Thermal Expansion 63
Insert 8.1 What About Vibration 68
8.2 How to Combine Different Displacement Cycle Conditions 69
Chapter 9
Flexibility Analysis . 71
9.1 Flexibility Analysis . 71
9.2 When Formal Flexibility Analysis is Required . 72
9.3 When Computer Stress Analysis is Typically Used 72
9.4 Stress Intensification Factors 73
Contents vii
9.5 Flexibility Analysis Equations 76
Insert 9.1 How to Increase Piping Flexibility 77
9.6 Cold Spring . 79
9.7 Elastic Follow-Up/Strain Concentration . 79
9.8 Effect of Elastic Modulus Variations from Temperature 82
Chapter 10
Supports and Restraints 83
10.1 Overview of Supports . 83
10.2 Materials and Allowable Stress . 83
10.3 Design of Supports 84
Insert 10.1 Spring Design 86
Insert 10.2 Stress Classification . 92
10.4 Spring and Hanger Supports . 93
10.5 Fabrication of Supports . 93
Chapter 11
Load Limits for Attached Equipment 95
11.1 Overview of Equipment Load Limits . 95
11.2 Pressure Vessels 95
11.3 Other Equipment Load Limits 96
11.4 Means of Reducing Loads on Equipment . 96
Chapter 12
Requirements for Materials 97
12.1 Overview of Material Requirements . 97
12.2 Temperature Limits . 98
12.3 Material Limitations 98
12.4 How to Use the Allowable Stress Tables in Appendix A 99
Chapter 13
Fabrication, Assembly, and Erection . 101
13.1 Overview of Chapter V . 101
13.2 General Welding Requirements 101
Insert 13.1 Arc Welding Processes . 102
Insert 13.2 Brazing Process . 106
13.3 Welding Procedure Specification 107
13.4 Welding Procedure Qualification Record 108
13.5 Welder Performance Qualification 108
13.6 Pre-heating 109
13.7 Heat Treatment 109
13.8 Governing Thickness for Heat Treatment . 112
13.9 Pipe Bends 112
13.10 Brazing 112
13.11 Bolted Joints 113
13.12 Welded Joint Details . 113
13.13 Miscellaneous Assembly Requirements . 116
Chapter 14
Examination 119
14.1 Overview of Examination Requirements 119
viii Contents
14.2 Required Examination 120
14.3 Visual Examination . 120
14.4 Radiographic Examination 122
14.5 Ultrasonic Examination 123
14.6 Liquid-Penetrant Examination 123
14.7 Magnetic-Particle Examination 124
Chapter 15
Pressure Testing 125
15.1 Overview of Pressure Test Requirements . 125
15.2 Hydrostatic Testing . 126
15.3 Pneumatic Testing . 126
15.4 Mass-Spectrometer Testing . 127
15.5 Initial Service Testing . 127
15.6 Re-testing After Repair or Additions 127
Chapter 16
Non-metallic Piping . 129
16.1 Organization and Scope 129
16.2 Design Conditions . 130
16.3 Allowable Stress 130
16.4 Pressure Design . 130
16.5 Limitations on Components and Joints . 131
16.6 Flexibility and Support . 131
16.7 Materials . 132
16.8 Fabrication, Assembly, and Erection 133
Insert 16.1 Bonding Processes . 133
16.9 Examination and Testing . 139
Chapter 17
Post-Construction 141
Appendix I
Properties of Pipe and Pressure Ratings of Listed Piping Components .145
Appendix II
Guidelines for Computer Flexibility Analysis .165
Appendix III
Useful Information for Flexibility Analysis .169
Appendix IV
A Practical Guide to Expansion Joints .204
Appendix V
Conversion Factors 230
References .237
Index
LisT Of figUREs
Figure
Number
1.1 Code Jurisdictional Limits for Piping – An Example of Forced Flow Steam
Generators with No Fixed Steam and Water Line (ASME B31.1 Fig. 100.1.2(A.1)) .5
1.2 Code Jurisdictional Limits for Piping – An Example of Steam Separator Type Forced Flow
Steam Generators with No Fixed Steam and Water Line (ASME B31.1 Fig. 100.1.2(A.2)) 6
1.3 Code Jurisdictional Limits for Piping – Drum Type Boilers
(ASME B31.1 Fig. 100.1.2(A.1)) 7
4.1 Stress Distribution Through Pipe Wall Thickness Due to Internal Pressure 26
4.2 Comparison of Lame and Boardman Equations 27
4.3 Equilibrium at a Circumferential Cut 30
4.4 Equilibrium at a Longitudinal Cut .30
4.5 Chart for Determining A (ASME BPVC, Section II, Part D, Subpart 3, Fig. G)
Table G Cited in the Figure is Given in ASME BPVC, Section II 31
4.6 Typical Chart for Determining B (ASME BPVC, Section II, Part D, Subpart 3,
Fig. CS-2). Table CS-2 Cited in the Figure is Given in ASME BPVC, Section II 33
4.7 Reinforcement of Branch Connections (ASME B31.1, Fig. 104.3.1(D)) 35
4.8 Reinforced Extruded Outlets (ASME B31.1, Fig. 104.3.1(G)) .38
4.9 Nomenclature for Pipe Bends (ASME B31.1, Fig. 102.4.5) .39
4.10 Illustration of Miter Bend Showing Nomenclature
(ASME B31.1, Table D-1) .41
5.1 Taper Thread 49
7.1 Creep Deflection of Simply Supported Beam at 1000 Hr Versus Span, 815°C (1500°F) .58
7.2 Creep Deflection Versus Span Length at 1000 Hr for Different
Restraint Conditions, 870°C (1600°F) .59
7.3 Comparison of Creep and Elastic Deflection of Beams at 100,000 Hr Versus
Span Length for Pinned and Fixed Restraint, 815°C (1500°F) .59
8.1 Load-Controlled Versus Deformation-Controlled Behavior. s = Stress,
e = Strain, E = Elastic Modulus .64
8.2 Stress–Strain Behavior Illustrating Shakedown .65
8.3 Stress–Strain Behavior Illustrating Elevated Temperature Shakedown 66
8.4 Cyclic Stress History with Shakedown 67
8.5 Cyclic Stress History without Shakedown .67
8.6 Markl Fatigue Curve for Butt-Welded Steel Pipe 68
9.1 Markl-Type Fatigue Testing Machine with Various Configurations
(Courtesy of Paulin Research Group) 74
9.2 In-Plane, Out-Plane and Torsional Bending Moments in Bends and Branch Connections
(ASME B31.3, Figs. 319.4.4A and 319.4.4B) .75
9.3 Piping Layout 1 77
9.4 Piping Layout 2 77
9.5 Strain Concentration Two-Bar Model 80
10.1 Variable-Spring Hanger Table (Courtesy of Anvil International) 87
10.2 Constant Effort-Spring Hanger Table (Courtesy of Anvil International) .88
13.1 Shielded Metal Arc Welding (Courtesy of The James F. Lincoln Foundation) .102
13.2 Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (Courtesy of The James F. Lincoln Foundation .103
13.3 Gas Metal Arc Welding (Courtesy of The James F. Lincoln Foundation) .104
13.4 Gas-Shielded Fluxed Cored Arc Welding (Courtesy of The James F. Lincoln Foundation) .105
13.5 Submerged Arc Welding (Courtesy of The James F. Lincoln Foundation) .106
13.6 Welding Details for Slip-On and Socket-Welding Flanges; Some Acceptable
Types of Flange Attachment Welds (ASME B31.1, Fig. 127.4.4(B)) .114
13.7 Minimum Welding Dimensions Required for Socket Welding Components
Other than Flanges (ASME B31.1, Fig. 127.4.4(C)) .114
13.8 Some Acceptable Types of Welded Branch Attachment Details Showing
Minimum Acceptable Welds (ASME B31.1, Fig. 127.4.8(D)) 115
13.9 Some Acceptable Details for Integrally Reinforced Outlet Fittings
(ASME B31.1, Fig. 127.4.8(E)) .117
16.1 Fully Tapered Thermosetting Adhesive Joint (ASME B31.3, Fig. A328.5.6) .134
16.2 Thermosetting Wrapped Joints (ASME B31.3, Fig. A328.5.7) .135
16.3 Thermoplastic Solvent-Cemented Joint (ASME B31.3, Fig. A328.5.3) .136
16.4 Hot Gas Welding 137
16.5 Steps for Heat-Element Butt Fusion (Courtesy of Chris Ziu) 138
16.6 Thermoplastic Heat Fusion Joints (ASME B31.3, Fig. A328.5.4) 139
16.7 Thermoplastic Electrofusion Joints (ASME B31.3, Fig. A328.5.5) 139
LisT Of TABLEs
Table
Number
3.1 Longitudinal Weld Joint Efficiency Factors (ASME B31.1, Table 102.4.3) 18
3.2 Weld Joint Strength Reduction Factors (ASME B31.1, Table 102.4.7) 19
4.1 Values of y (ASME B31.1, Table 104.1.2(A)) 25
5.1 Threaded Joint Limitations (ASME B31.1, Table 114.2.1) 50
8.1 Combination of Different Displacement Cycles .70
10.1 Suggested Piping Support Spacing (ASME B31.1, Table 121.5) .85
13.1 Postweld Heat Treatment (ASME B31.1, Part of Table 132) .110
13.2 Alternate Postweld Heat Treatment Requirements for Carbon and Low Alloy Steels
(ASME B31.1, Table 132.1) 111
13.3 Approximate Lower Critical Temperatures (ASME B31.1, Table 129.3.1) .111
14.1 Mandatory Minimum Nondestructive Examinations for Pressure Welds or Welds to
Pressure-Retaining Components (ASME B31.1, Table 136.4) .121
14.2 Weld Imperfections Indicated by Various Types of Examination
(ASME B31.1, Table 136.4.1) 122
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