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 |  موضوع: كتاب Machine Design - an Integrated Approach الأحد 29 أكتوبر 2017, 9:38 pm | |
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Machine Design - an Integrated Approach
Robert L. Norton P.E.
Milton P. Higgins II
Distinguished Professor
Emeritus
Worcester Polytechnic Institute
Worcester, Massachusetts
و المحتوى كما يلي :
Contents
Preface _ vii
video contents xxix
Part i fundamentals
chaPter introduction to design _
. Design
Machine Design
. A Design Process
. Problem Formulation and Calculation .
Definition Stage
Preliminary Design Stage
Detailed Design Stage
Documentation Stage
. The Engineering Model .
Estimation and First-Order Analysis
The Engineering Sketch
. Computer-Aided Design and Engineering .
Computer-Aided Design (CAD)
Computer-Aided Engineering (CAE)
Computational Accuracy
. The Engineering Report .
. Factors of Safety and Design Codes
Factor of Safety
Choosing a Safety Factor
Design and Safety Codes
. Statistical Considerations
. Units .
. Summary .
. References
. Web References
. Bibliography .
. Problems . xvi MACHINE DESIGN - An Integrated Approach - Sixth Edition
chaPter materials and Processes
. Introduction
. Material-Property Definitions .
The Tensile Test
Ductility and Brittleness
The Compression Test
The Bending Test
The Torsion Test
Fatigue Strength and Endurance Limit
Impact Resistance
Fracture Toughness
Creep and Temperature Effects
. The Statistical Nature of Material Properties .
. Homogeneity and Isotropy
. Hardness .
Heat Treatment
Surface (Case) Hardening
Heat Treating Nonferrous Materials
Mechanical Forming and Hardening
. Coatings and Surface Treatments
Galvanic Action
Electroplating
Electroless Plating
Anodizing
Plasma-Sprayed Coatings
Chemical Coatings
. General Properties of Metals
Cast Iron
Cast Steels
Wrought Steels
Steel Numbering Systems
Aluminum
Titanium
Magnesium
Copper Alloys
. General Properties of Nonmetals
Polymers
Ceramics
Composites
. Selecting Materials .
. Summary .
. References
. Web References
. Bibliography .
. Problems . xvii
chaPter Kinematics and load determination _
. Introduction
. Degree of Freedom .
. Mechanisms
. Calculating Degree of Freedom (Mobility)
. Common -DOF Mechanisms
Fourbar Linkage and the Grashof Condition
Sixbar Linkage
Cam and Follower
. Analyzing Linkage Motion
Types of Motion
Complex Numbers as Vectors
The Vector Loop Equation
. Analyzing the Fourbar Linkage
Solving for Position in the Fourbar Linkage
Solving for Velocity in the Fourbar Linkage
Angular Velocity Ratio and Mechanical Advantage
Solving for Acceleration in the Fourbar Linkage
. Analyzing the Fourbar Crank-Slider
Solving for Position in the Fourbar Crank-Slider
Solving for Velocity in the Fourbar Crank-Slider
Solving for Acceleration in the Fourbar Crank-Slider
Other Linkages
. Cam Design and Analysis .
The Timing Diagram
The svaj Diagram
Polynomials for the Double-Dwell Case
Polynomials for the Single-Dwell Case
Pressure Angle
Radius of Curvature
. Loading Classes For Force Analysis
. Free-body Diagrams
. Load Analysis
Three-Dimensional Analysis
Two-Dimensional Analysis
Static Load Analysis
. Two-Dimensional, Static Loading Case Studies .
. Three-Dimensional, Static Loading Case Study .
. Dynamic Loading Case Study
. Vibration Loading .
Natural Frequency
Dynamic Forces
. Impact Loading .
Energy Method xviii MACHINE DESIGN - An Integrated Approach - Sixth Edition
. Beam Loading .
Shear and Moment
Singularity Functions
Superposition
. Summary .
. References
. Web References
. Bibliography .
. Problems .
chaPter stress, strain, and deflection
. Introduction
. Stress
. Strain
. Principal Stresses
. Plane Stress and Plane Strain
Plane Stress
Plane Strain
. Mohr’s Circles .
. Applied Versus Principal Stresses
. Axial Tension
. Direct Shear Stress, Bearing Stress, and Tearout
Direct Shear
Direct Bearing
Tearout Failure
. Beams and Bending Stresses .
Beams in Pure Bending
Shear Due to Transverse Loading
. Deflection in Beams
Deflection by Singularity Functions
Statically Indeterminate Beams
. Castigliano’s Method
Deflection by Castigliano’s Method
Finding Redundant Reactions with Castigliano’s Method
. Torsion
. Combined Stresses
. Spring Rates
. Stress Concentration .
Stress Concentration Under Static Loading
Stress Concentration Under Dynamic Loading
Determining Geometric Stress-Concentration Factors
Designing to Avoid Stress Concentrations
. Axial Compression - Columns
Slenderness Ratio
Short Columns xix
Long Columns
End Conditions
Intermediate Columns
. Stresses in Cylinders .
Thick-Walled Cylinders
Thin-Walled Cylinders
. Case Studies in Static Stress and Deflection Analysis .
. Summary .
. References
. Bibliography .
. Problems .
chaPter static failure theories
. Introduction
. Failure of Ductile Materials Under Static Loading
The von Mises-Hencky or Distortion-Energy Theory
The Maximum Shear-Stress Theory
The Maximum Normal-Stress Theory
Comparison of Experimental Data with Failure Theories
. Failure of Brittle Materials Under Static Loading
Even and Uneven Materials
The Coulomb-Mohr Theory
The Modified-Mohr Theory
. Fracture Mechanics .
Fracture-Mechanics Theory
Fracture Toughness Kc
. Using The Static Loading Failure Theories
. Case Studies in Static Failure Analysis
. Summary .
. References
. Bibliography .
. Problems .
chaPter fatigue failure theories
. Introduction
History of Fatigue Failure
. Mechanism of Fatigue Failure
Crack Initiation Stage
Crack Propagation Stage
Fracture
. Fatigue-Failure Models .
Fatigue Regimes
The Stress-Life Approach
The Strain-Life Approach
The LEFM Approach xx MACHINE DESIGN - An Integrated Approach - Sixth Edition
. Machine-Design Considerations .
. Fatigue Loads
Rotating Machinery Loading
Service Equipment Loading
. Measuring Fatigue Failure Criteria
Fully Reversed Stresses
Combined Mean and Alternating Stress
Fracture-Mechanics Criteria
Testing Actual Assemblies
. Estimating Fatigue Failure Criteria
Estimating the Theoretical Fatigue Strength Sf’ or Endurance Limit Se’
Correction Factors—Theoretical Fatigue Strength or Endurance Limit
Corrected Fatigue Strength Sf or Corrected Endurance Limit Se
Creating Estimated S-N Diagrams
. Notches and Stress Concentrations .
Notch Sensitivity
. Residual Stresses
. Designing for High-Cycle Fatigue
. Designing for Fully Reversed Uniaxial Stresses .
Design Steps for Fully Reversed Stresses with Uniaxial Loading
. Designing for Fluctuating Uniaxial Stresses .
Creating the Modified-Goodman Diagram
Applying Stress-Concentration Effects with Fluctuating Stresses
Determining the Safety Factor with Fluctuating Stresses
Design Steps for Fluctuating Stresses
. Designing for Multiaxial Stresses in Fatigue .
Frequency and Phase Relationships
Fully Reversed Simple Multiaxial Stresses
Fluctuating Simple Multiaxial Stresses
Complex Multiaxial Stresses
. A General Approach to High-Cycle Fatigue Design
. A Case Study in Fatigue Design
. Summary .
. References
. Bibliography .
. Problems .
. Introduction
chaPter surface failure _
. Surface Geometry .
. Mating Surfaces
. Friction
Effect of Roughness on Friction
Effect of Velocity on Friction
Rolling Friction
Effect of Lubricant on Friction xxi
. Adhesive Wear
The Adhesive-Wear Coefficient
. Abrasive Wear .
Abrasive Materials
Abrasion-Resistant Materials
. Corrosion Wear .
Corrosion Fatigue
Fretting Corrosion
. Surface Fatigue .
. Spherical Contact
Contact Pressure and Contact Patch in Spherical Contact
Static Stress Distributions in Spherical Contact
. Cylindrical Contact .
Contact Pressure and Contact Patch in Parallel Cylindrical Contact
Static Stress Distributions in Parallel Cylindrical Contact
. General Contact
Contact Pressure and Contact Patch in General Contact
Stress Distributions in General Contact
. Dynamic Contact Stresses .
Effect of a Sliding Component on Contact Stresses
. Surface Fatigue Failure Models—Dynamic Contact
. Surface Fatigue Strength .
. Summary .
. References
. Problems .
chaPter finite element analysis
. Introduction .
Stress and Strain Computation
. Finite Element Method
. Element Types .
Element Dimension and Degree of Freedom (DOF)
Element Order
H-Elements Versus P-Elements
Element Aspect Ratio
. Meshing
Mesh Density
Mesh Refinement
Convergence
. Boundary Conditions
. Applying Loads .
. Testing the Model (Verification)
. Modal Analysis .
. Case Studies .
. Summary .
. References xxii MACHINE DESIGN - An Integrated Approach - Sixth Edition
. Bibliography .
. Web Resources .
. Problems .
Part ii machine design
chaPter design case studies _
. Introduction
. Case Study —A Portable Air Compressor
. Case Study —A Hay-Bale Lifter
. Case Study —A Cam-Testing Machine
. Summary .
. References
. Design Projects .
chaPter shafts, Keys, and couPlings _
. Introduction
. Shaft Loads .
. Attachments and Stress Concentrations
. Shaft Materials
. Shaft Power .
. Shaft Loads .
. Shaft Stresses
. Shaft Failure in Combined Loading .
. Shaft Design .
General Considerations
Design for Fully Reversed Bending and Steady Torsion
Design for Fluctuating Bending and Fluctuating Torsion
. Shaft Deflection
Shafts as Beams
Shafts as Torsion Bars
. Keys and Keyways
Parallel Keys
Tapered Keys
Woodruff Keys
Stresses in Keys
Key Materials
Key Design
Stress Concentrations in Keyways
. Splines
. Interference Fits
Stresses in Interference Fits
Stress Concentration in Interference Fits
Fretting Corrosion xxiii
. Flywheel Design .
Energy Variation in a Rotating System
Determining the Flywheel Inertia
Stresses in Flywheels
Failure Criteria
. Critical Speeds of Shafts .
Lateral Vibration of Shafts and Beams—Rayleigh’s Method
Shaft Whirl
Torsional Vibration
Two Disks on a Common Shaft
Multiple Disks on a Common Shaft
Controlling Torsional Vibrations
. Couplings .
Rigid Couplings
Compliant Couplings
. Case Study B .
Designing Driveshafts for a Portable Air Compressor
. Summary .
. References
. Problems .
chaPter Bearings and luBrication _
. Introduction
A Caveat
. Lubricants .
. Viscosity .
. Types of Lubrication
Full-Film Lubrication
Boundary Lubrication
. Material Combinations in Sliding Bearings .
. Hydrodynamic Lubrication Theory
Petroff’s Equation for No-Load Torque
Reynolds’ Equation for Eccentric Journal Bearings
Torque and Power Losses in Journal Bearings
. Design of Hydrodynamic Bearings
Design Load Factor—The Ocvirk Number
Design Procedures
. Nonconforming Contacts
. Rolling-element bearings
Comparison of Rolling and Sliding Bearings
Types of Rolling-Element Bearings
. Failure of Rolling-element bearings
. Selection of Rolling-element bearings
Basic Dynamic Load Rating C
Modified Bearing Life Rating
Basic Static Load Rating C xxiv MACHINE DESIGN - An Integrated Approach - Sixth Edition
Combined Radial and Thrust Loads
Calculation Procedures
. Bearing Mounting Details .
. Special Bearings
. Case Study B
. Summary .
Important Equations Used in This Chapter
. References
. Problems .
chaPter sPur gears _
. Introduction
. Gear Tooth Theory .
The Fundamental Law of Gearing
The Involute Tooth Form
Pressure Angle
Gear Mesh Geometry
Rack and Pinion
Changing Center Distance
Backlash
Relative Tooth Motion
. Gear Tooth Nomenclature .
. Interference and Undercutting
Unequal-Addendum Tooth Forms
. Contact Ratio .
. Gear Trains
Simple Gear Trains
Compound Gear Trains
Reverted Compound Trains
Epicyclic or Planetary Gear Trains
. Gear Manufacturing
Forming Gear Teeth
Machining
Roughing Processes
Finishing Processes
Gear Quality
. Loading on Spur Gears .
. Stresses in Spur Gears
Bending Stresses
Surface Stresses
. Gear Materials
Material Strengths
Bending-Fatigue Strengths for Gear Materials
Surface-Fatigue Strengths for Gear Materials
. Lubrication of Gearing
. Design of Spur Gears xxv
. Case Study C
. Summary .
. References
. Problems .
chaPter helical, Bevel, and Worm gears _
. Introduction .
. Helical Gears
Helical Gear Geometry
Helical-Gear Forces
Virtual Number of Teeth
Contact Ratios
Stresses in Helical Gears
. Bevel Gears .
Bevel-Gear Geometry and Nomenclature
Bevel-Gear Mounting
Forces on Bevel Gears
Stresses in Bevel Gears
. Wormsets
Materials for Wormsets
Lubrication in Wormsets
Forces in Wormsets
Wormset Geometry
Rating Methods
A Design Procedure for Wormsets
. Case Study B .
. Summary .
. References
. Problems .
chaPter sPring design _
. Introduction
. Spring Rate .
. Spring Configurations .
. Spring Materials
Spring Wire
Flat Spring Stock
. Helical Compression Springs
Spring Lengths
End Details
Active Coils
Spring Index
Spring Deflection
Spring Rate
Stresses in Helical Compression Spring Coils
Helical Coil Springs of Nonround Wire
Residual Stresses xxvi MACHINE DESIGN - An Integrated Approach - Sixth Edition
Buckling of Compression Springs
Compression-Spring Surge
Allowable Strengths for Compression Springs
The Torsional-Shear S-N Diagram for Spring Wire
The Modified-Goodman Diagram for Spring Wire
. Designing Helical Compression Springs for Static Loading .
. Designing Helical Compression Springs for Fatigue Loading
. Helical Extension Springs
Active Coils in Extension Springs
Spring Rate of Extension Springs
Spring Index of Extension Springs
Coil Preload in Extension Springs
Deflection of Extension Springs
Coil Stresses in Extension Springs
End Stresses in Extension Springs
Surging in Extension Springs
Material Strengths for Extension Springs
Design of Helical Extension Springs
. Helical Torsion Springs
Terminology for Torsion Springs
Number of Coils in Torsion Springs
Deflection of Torsion Springs
Spring Rate of Torsion Springs
Coil Closure
Coil Stresses in Torsion Springs
Material Parameters for Torsion Springs
Safety Factors for Torsion Springs
Designing Helical Torsion Springs
. Belleville Spring Washers .
Load-Deflection Function for Belleville Washers
Stresses in Belleville Washers
Static Loading of Belleville Washers
Dynamic Loading
Stacking Springs
Designing Belleville Springs
. Case Study C
. Summary .
. References
. Problems .
chaPter screWs and fasteners _
. Introduction
. Standard Thread Forms .
Tensile Stress Area
Standard Thread Dimensions
. Power Screws
Square, Acme, and Buttress Threads
Power Screw Application
Power Screw Force and Torque Analysis xxvii
Friction Coefficients
Self-Locking and Back-Driving of Power Screws
Screw Efficiency
Ball Screws
. Stresses in Threads .
Axial Stress
Shear Stress
Torsional Stress
. Types of Screw Fasteners .
Classification by Intended Use
Classification by Thread Type
Classification by Head Style
Nuts and Washers
. Manufacturing Fasteners
. Strengths of Standard Bolts and Machine Screws .
. Preloaded Fasteners in Tension
Preloaded Bolts Under Static Loading
Preloaded Bolts Under Dynamic Loading
. Determining the Joint Stiffness Factor
Joints With Two Plates of the Same Material
Joints With Two Plates of Different Materials
Gasketed Joints
. Controlling Preload .
The Turn-of-the-Nut Method
Torque-Limited Fasteners
Load-Indicating Washers
Torsional Stress Due to Torquing of Bolts
. Fasteners in Shear .
Dowel Pins
Centroids of Fastener Groups
Determining Shear Loads on Fasteners
. Case Study D
. Summary .
. References
. Bibliography .
. Problems .
chaPter Weldments
. Introduction
. Welding Processes
Types of Welding in Common Use
Why Should a Designer Be Concerned with the Welding Process?
. Weld Joints and Weld Types .
Joint Preparation
Weld Specification
. Principles of Weldment Design . . Static Loading of Welds
. Static Strength of Welds
Residual Stresses in Welds
Direction of Loading
Allowable Shear Stress for Statically Loaded Fillet and PJP Welds
. Dynamic Loading of Welds .
Effect of Mean Stress on Weldment Fatigue Strength
Are Correction Factors Needed For Weldment Fatigue Strength?
Effect of Weldment Configuration on Fatigue Strength
Is There an Endurance Limit for Weldments?
Fatigue Failure in Compression Loading?
. Treating a Weld as a Line
. Eccentrically Loaded Weld Patterns .
. Design Considerations for Weldments in Machines .
. Summary .
. References
. Problems .
chaPter clutches and BraKes
. Introduction
. Types of Brakes and Clutches .
. Clutch/Brake Selection and Specification
. Clutch and Brake Materials .
. Disk Clutches
Uniform Pressure
Uniform Wear
. Disk Brakes .
. Drum Brakes .
Short-Shoe External Drum Brakes
Long-Shoe External Drum Brakes
Long-Shoe Internal Drum Brakes
. Summary .
. References
. Bibliography .
. Problems .
aPPendices
A Material Properties
B Beam Tables .
C Stress-Concentration Factors .
D Answers to Selected Problems .
index
doWnloads index _
INDEX
arm (epicyclic)
asperities , ,
ASTM
wire alloy numbers
autofrettage
automeshing
axial tension ,
axis of transmission
gear teeth
axisymmetric
B
backdrive , ,
backlash
ball bearings
ball screws
base circle
of gear , ,
of involute
base units
beam , ,
assumptions
cantilever ,
deflection
centroidal axis
curved
stress distribution in
deflection
deflection function of
dummy load
hollow
shear stress in
I-beams
indeterminate ,
loading
long
neutral axis
neutral plane
overhung
pure bending
rectangular
shear stress in
round
shear stress in
section modulus
shear, transverse
sign convention
simply supported
spring rate
statically indeterminate
straight
stress distribution in
tables
bearing , ,
air
area
ball
angular-contact
Conrad
deep-groove
thrust
cam follower
cleanliness
flange units
journal ,
clearance ratio
coefficient of friction in
eccentricity
eccentricity ratio ,
lubrication in
power lost in
torque in
linear
long journal
solution
Sommerfeld equation
materials
babbitt
bronze
gray cast iron
nonmetallic
needle
pillow blocks
plain
rod ends
roller , ,
tapered
rolling-element , , , ,
advantages
basic dynamic load rating
basic static load rating
calculation procedure
disadvantages
endurance limit ,
equivalent load
failure in
L life
linear motion
manufacturing
materials for
mounting of
rating life
selection of
tolerance classes
self-aligning
short journal
load factor
solution
sleeve , , ,
thrust ,
cylindrical-roller
hydrostatic
bearings
A
abrasion . See also wear
controlled
grinding
three-body
two-body
uncontrolled
abrasive
particles
hardness
sharpness
wear
absolute hardness . See also hardness
absolute units system
accuracy
Acme thread – ,
stub
addendum ,
circle
modification coefficients
adhesion. See wear: adhesive
adhesive wear
in gear teeth
AGMA , , , ,
backup ratio
quality index
air compressor
air cylinder
Almen number
aluminum
aircraft
alloys
hardenable
cast
table of properties
wrought
aluminum oxide
thickness of
analysis
closed-form
definition
first-order
angle
of approach
of recess
angular velocity ratio ,
definition
anisotropic
annealing
anode
anodizing , ,
hard-coating
answers to selected problems
aquaplaning ,
arc of action
area moment of inertia D
MACHINE DESIGN - An Integrated Approach - Sixth Edition
Belleville washers .
See also springs: Belleville;
See also washers: Belleville
belt drive
bending
moment
of shaft
bimetallic strips
blobs ,
Boeing Aircraft Co.
bolts ,
preloaded
dynamic loading
static loading
stiffness
equation for
torsional stress due to torquing
boron carbide
boundary conditions ,
boundary element analysis
boundary lubrication . See also lubrication; See also lubrication:
boundary
brake ,
band
disc
disk
automobile
caliper
drum ,
external
internal shoe
long-shoe ,
self-deenergizing
self-energizing
self-locking
short-shoe
eddy current
friction
magnetic hysteresis
magnetic particle
torque
Bridgman, W.P.
Brinell test
British Comet. See fatigue failure: of British Comet
brittleness ,
bronze
Buckingham equation
bushing
bronze
buttress thread
C
CAD ,
multiview drawing
solid model
used with FEA
wireframe model
cam and follower ,
as effective linkage
boundary conditions
minimum number needed
Case Study A
Case Study B
Case Study A
Case Study B
Case Study C
Castigliano’s method
for deflection
redundant reactions
Castigliano’s theorem
cast iron
strengths of, table
cathode
ceramics
chain drive
Charpy impact test
circuit
of a linkage ,
circular pitch
clearance
Clerk, James Maxwell
closed-form analysis
clutch ,
backstop
centrifugal
cone
disk ,
uniform pressure ,
uniform wear ,
eddy current
friction
dry
electromagnetic
material
wet
location
magnetic hysteresis
magnetic particle
multiple disk
one-way
overrunning
positive contact
roller
service factors
sprag
spring-wrapped
synchromesh
coatings
ceramic
plasma-sprayed
chemical
plasma-spray
coining
cold forming ,
cold working ,
collar, clamp
column
buckling
of springs. See springs: helical compression: buckling of
critical unit load
eccentrically-loaded ,
eccentricity ratio
end conditions
fixed-fixed
B-Spline functions
dwell
double
single
eccentricity
follower jump
functions
- - polynomial
- - - polynomial
double dwell
jerk
normalized variable
piecewise continuous
single dwell
symmetric
single-dwell
asymmetrical
fundamental law
polynomial
advantages
boundary conditions
degree
double-dwell
order
single dwell
pressure angle
maximum
prime circle
radius
program Dynacam
radius of curvature
undercutting
versus roller radius
roller radius
svaj diagram
timing diagram
cam followers
cam-testing machine
cap screw
carborundum
carburizing
Case Study A
Case Study B
Case Study C
Case Study D
Case Study A
Case Study B
Case Study C
Case Study D
Case Study A
Case Study B
Case Study C
Case Study A
Case Study B
Case Study C
Case Study D
Case Study A
Case Study B
Case Study
Case Study
Case Study A
Case Study B
Case Study C
Case Study D B D
INDEX
fixed-free
fixed-pinned
Euler formula
intermediate ,
Johnson
long
radius of gyration
secant formula
short ,
slenderness ratio ,
Comet aircraft. See fatigue failure:
of British Comet
common
normal
tangent
communication
complex numbers
composites ,
compound gear train
compression test
compressive strength
of cast irons, table
computer-aided design
conjugates
constant-life diagram
contact patch
contact pressure
contact ratio , . See also gearset
axial
low
minimum
transverse
controlling preload
copper
alloys
pure
Cornwell, R. ,
corrosion
fatigue , , ,
fretting
wear , ,
Coulomb friction. See friction
couplings
compliant
bellows
constant velocity (Rzeppa)
flexible-disk
gear/spline
helical
jaw
linkage (Schmidt)
Oldham
universal joints
fluid
Hooke
rigid
clamp collars
keyed
setscrew
Rzeppa
crack
growth
in a corrosive environment
initiation , ,
micro
propagation , ,
creativity
creep
critical frequency
critical speed
crossed
mechanism
cycloidal gear tooth
D
damping
dedendum ,
circle
deflection
angular
cantilever beam
of helical torsion spring
spring
degree of freedom
Den Hartog, J. P.
derived unit
design , ,
analysis
decisions
documentation
process , ,
sketches
diametral pitch
diamond
differential
direct bearing . See also bearing
distortion energy , .
See also von Mises
ellipse
comparison to experiments
theory
DOF
kinematic
removal of
Dolan
dowel pins ,
press-fit
Dowling, N. E. , ,
ductility ,
dynamic force ,
E
effective mass, spring, damping
Eichinger
elastic
behavior
limit
elastohydrodynamic lubrication
electroplating
chrome
element
aspect ratio of
automeshers
boundaries
discrete
finite
H-elements
hexahedral
line
linear
order
P-elements
quadrilateral
rigid-body
shell
skew of
surface
taper of
tetrahedral
three-dimensional
triangular
truss
two-dimensional
volume
warp of
wedge
zero-DOF
elongation
of alloy steels, table
of aluminum, table
of carbon steels, table
of copper alloys, table
of plastics, table
of stainless steel, table
endurance
limit , ,
corrected
correction factors for
estimating ,
strength ,
endurance strength. See fatigue: strength
energy
kinetic
in shaft
method
variation in rotating system
engineering model
engineering report
engineering stress-strain curve
equation solver , . See also TKSolver
estimation
Euler’s equations
Euler’s identity
even material
Example -
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MACHINE DESIGN - An Integrated Approach - Sixth Edition
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F
face width , ,
facewidth factor ,
factor of safety , .
See also safety factor
for gearsets
guidelines
of commercial aircraft
with fluctuating stresses
fail safe
brake
definition
failure
mechanisms
catastrophic
shear
tensile
molasses-tank
of Liberty Ships
of rocket-motor case
failure theories
assumptions
brittle material
static loading
comparison to experimental data
Coulomb-Mohr
distortion-energy
historical note
ductile material
static loading
fatigue
fracture mechanics
linear-elastic
hydrostatic loading
maximum normal stress
comparison to experiments
maximum shear stress
comparison to experiments
modified Mohr
static loading
total strain energy
von Mises-Hencky
false brinelling
fasteners
centroid of group
head forming
in shear
manufacturing
preloaded
screw
classification by head style
classification by intended use
classification by thread type
types of
shear loads on
strengths of
stress concentration in
torque-limited
fatigue ,
electroplating in
endurance limit
fracture
in a corrosive environment , ,
,
loads
regimes
high-cycle fatigue ,
low-cycle fatigue ,
strength ,
aluminum, table of
surface
stress concentration factor ,
fatigue-crack-growth life
fatigue failure
of British Comet
combined mean and alternating
stress
cost to the economy
crack initiation ,
crack propagation ,
estimating criteria for
Gerber line
Goodman line
history of
in rolling bearings
mechanism of
models
choice of
linear elastic fracture mechanics ,
,
strain-life , ,
stress-life , ,
stages of
sudden fracture
testing
actual assemblies
axial fatigue test ,
cantilever beam
fully-reversed stress
rotating-beam test
torsional loading
unstable crack growth
fatigue strength , , .
See also endurance strength
corrected
effects of loading type on
effects of reliability on
effects of size on
effects of surface finish on
effects of temperature on
estimating ,
correction factors for
fatty acids ,
FEA
applying loads
automeshers
boundary conditions
buckling in
contact constraints
direct stiffness method
dynamic analysis B D
INDEX
dynamic stresses
eigenvalues
eigenvectors
importing part geometry
loading models
mass units in
mathematical formulations
model verification
structural analysis
used for
finite element
analysis , , ,
degree of freedom
mesh
method
theory of
model
models
examples of
node
types
finite-life
fit
expansion
interference
stresses in
press
shrink
flame hardening
fluctuation
coefficient of ,
fluid couplings
flywheel
design
failure criteria
inertia
physical
stresses in
foot-pound-second (fps) system
force
normal
plough
force-flow analogy
force ratio
forcing frequency
fourbar crank-slider
offset
fracture , , ,
fracture mechanics , ,
fracture toughness , ,
free-body diagrams ,
free vibration
frequency
critical ,
forcing
fretting ,
fretting corrosion , ,
friction
coefficient of
in boundary lubrication
in clutches/brakes
in hydrodynamic bearing ,
in roll-slide contact
in threads
Coulomb ,
effect of velocity on
materials
rolling
functions
singularity .
See also singularity functions
unit doublet
unit impulse
unit parabolic
unit ramp
unit step
fundamental law of gearing
See also gearing: fundamental law of
fusion
G
gage length
galling
galvanic
action
cell
coatings
series
gasketed joints
Gaussian distribution
gear ,
antibacklash
base pitch
bevel
back cone
crowning factor
design pinion torque
forces on
geometry factors I & J
operating pinion torque
spiral
straight
stress in ,
blank
face width. See face width (gears)
helical
crossed ,
double
parallel
stresses in
herringbone
idler ,
idler factor
manufacturing
burnishing
finishing
forming
grinding
hobbing
lapping and honing
machining
rack generation
shaping
shaving
materials
bronzes
cast irons
nonmetallics
steels
strengths
mesh geometry
pinion
quality
quality index
rack
rack cutter
ratio
rim thickness factor
shaper ,
teeth ,
AGMA bending stress equation
cycloidal
elastic coefficient
fatigue fracture
friction forces
full-depth
geometry factor J , ,
interference
involute ,
Lewis equation
load sharing in
long addendum
minimum number
minimum number of ,
radius of curvature
root fillets
standard, full-depth
stresses in
surface fatigue
surface finish factor
surface geometry factor I ,
surface stresses in ,
undercutting
unequal addendum , .
See also gears: profile-shifted
virtual
tooth theory
train ratio
virtual
whine
worm
lead
pitch diameter
single start
Zerol
gearbox
gearing
fundamental law of ,
gears ,
antibacklash
bending stress
bevel ,
cold drawing
form milling
helical , ,
advantages of
hypoid
injection molded
machining
profile-shifted ,
spiral bevel D
MACHINE DESIGN - An Integrated Approach - Sixth Edition
spur ,
design of
surface-contact stresses
worm ,
wormsets , ,
AGMA power rating
design procedure
double-enveloping
geometry
lubrication
materials
ratios
self-locking
single-enveloping
gearset ,
angle of approach
angle of recess
application factor
arc of action
backlash ,
contact ratio , ,
definition
dynamic factor
external , ,
highest point of single-tooth contact ,
internal , ,
length of action ,
load distribution factor
loading
fatigue
lubrication
pitch line velocity
pressure angle
variation with center distance
ratio limit
size factor
torque
transmission error
calculation of
gear train
compound
nonreverted
reverted
epicyclic , ,
idler ,
moment on
kinematic design of
simple
Gerber line
Goodman diagram
modified ,
torsional
Goodman line , ,
graphite
Grashof
Grashof condition
gravitational
constant ,
system
gravity
specific
plastics, table of
Guest, J.
H
hammer peening
hard-anodizing .
See also anodizing: hard-coating
hardening
age
case ,
case crushing
subcase fatigue
cold working
cyaniding
flame
induction
mechanical ,
nitriding
precipitation
strain
surface
through
hardness ,
absolute
of alloy steels, table
of aluminum, table
of carbon steels, table
of cast irons, table
of copper alloys, table
of stainless steel, table
surface ,
hay-bale lifter
heat treating
nonferrous
tempering. See tempering
helical overlap
helix angle ,
Hencky , . See also von Mises
herringbone gear
Hertz, H.
Hertzian stress ,
high-cycle fatigue
hob (gear)
Holzer’s method ,
homogeneity ,
Hooke’s law ,
hot-working
hovercraft ,
Hueber
hunting
hydraulic cylinder
hydrogen embrittlement
hydrostatic loading
I
impact
loading
force impact
striking impact
resistance
testing
inch-pound-second (ips)
indeterminate beam
indexing mechanisms
indices of merit
induction hardening
infinite life
interference
fit
stress concentration in
stresses in
torque transmitted
investment casting .
See also manufacturing methods;
involute , , ,
definition
teeth
isotropic
isotropy ,
iteration ,
Izod impact test
J
jacks
joint
aspect ratio
constant ,
separation
stiffness factor
determining
joints
gasketed
confined
unconfined
of different materials
K
key ,
design
materials
parallel
stresses
bearing
shear
tapered
woodruff ,
keyway
stress concentration
kinematics
definition
Kuhn-Hardrath formula
Kutzbach
equation
paradox
L
Lanchester damper
laser peening
laybar
lead ,
angle
power screw
worm
of a thread
lead screw , B D
INDEX
length of action ,
Liberty ships. See failure: of Liberty Ships
linear actuators
links
Littman and Widner
loading
classes , , ,
dynamic
fatigue , ,
impact
impact. See impact loading
pure shear
pure torsional ,
assumptions for
rotating machinery
service equipment
static
load sharing
ratio
low-cycle fatigue ,
lubricant
gaseous
grease
liquid , ,
extreme pressure (EP) , , ,
, , , ,
solid ,
solid-film
viscosity
absolute
kinematic
lubrication. See lubrication: boundary
boundary , , , ,
, ,
definition
elastohydrodynamic , ,
definition
film thickness , , ,
partial
specific film thickness ,
full-film ,
hydrodynamic , , , ,
hydrostatic , ,
water film
mixed film
definition
of gearsets ,
of nonconforming contacts , ,
oil whirl
squeeze-film
theory
hydrodynamic
lumped mass
M
machine
definition
screw
magnesium
malleable iron
manufacturing methods
forming
drawing
extrusion
forging
material
anisotropic
bearing
brittle
stress concentration in
brittleness
cast
stress concentration in
compatibility
composites ,
cracks in ,
ductile
strength of
stress concentration in
ductility
even and uneven ,
failure
for springs
fracture toughness
hardness
homogeneous , ,
isotropic , ,
properties
affected by temperature
mechanical
of whiskers
pure
statistical nature of
tables of
shaft
sintered
test
bending
compression
impact
rotating-beam
shear
tensile ,
torsion ,
testing
uneven and even
materials
abrasion-resistant
mathematical models
matrix-reduction computer program
maximum shear stress
in Hertzian contact ,
mean
mechanical
advantage ,
prestressing
properties
mechanism
acceleration
of a point on a link
angular velocity ratio
auto suspension
cam and follower
cam-follower systems
change point ,
circuits ,
crossed
definition
effective links
efficiency
fourbar
acceleration difference equation
acceleration equation
analysis
crank-slider
crossed
open
position equation
slider-crank
velocity equation
fourbar crank-slider
acceleration equation
analysis
position equation
velocity equation
geared fivebar
Grashof
crank-rocker
double-crank
double-rocker
equation
internal combustion engine
inversions
definition
inverted crank-slider
joint
definition
full
half
prismatic
revolute
Kutzbach
equation
paradoxes
Kutzbach equation
links
binary
quaternary
ternary
mechanical advantage
multi-DOF
nodes
non-constant velocity
one-DOF
open
other linkages
parallelogram
piston pump
power in
program Linkages
sixbar
Stephenson
Watt
special-case Grashof
torque ratio
vector-loop method
mesh
convergence
density
refinement D
MACHINE DESIGN - An Integrated Approach - Sixth Edition
metal
cast iron
ductile
gray
nodular
white
coatings
corrosion
electroplatable
grain
structure
noble
properties
sintered ,
surface treatments
microcrack
microhardness tests
mks system
mobility
equation
modal analysis
model
engineering
physical
modified Goodman diagram , .
See also Goodman diagram: modified; See also Goodman line
module , ,
modulus
of elasticity
of elasticity, table of
plastics
of rigidity ,
of rupture
MOHR computer program
Mohr plane
Mohr’s circle , , , ,
for even and uneven materials
for hydrostatic test
for tensile test
brittle material
ductile material
for torsion test ,
moisture
molasses tank rupture.
See failure: molasses-tank
moment
M/EI function
moment of inertia
definition
polar
of shaft
motion
complex
rotation
translation
N
Nadai
natural frequency
fundamental
multiple ,
of compression springs
torsional
of shaft
Neuber constant
Neuber’s equation
neutral axis ,
Newton’s laws
first law
second law ,
third law
nitriding
node
nodes
nodular iron
nonmetallic materials
ceramics
composites
polymers
thermoplastic
thermosetting
properties ,
normal force
normalizing
notch ,
sensitivity
nuts , , ,
acorn
castle
hex
jam
lock
minimum length
wing
O
octahedral stresses.
See distortion energy;
See also von Mises
Ocvirk
equation
number , ,
open
mechanism
oxidation
P
Paris equation
particle size
Peterson, R. E.
Petroff’s equation
phosphates
photoelastic stress analysis
pillow blocks
pin ,
taper ,
pinion ,
pitch
axial
circle , , ,
virtual
circular . See also circular pitch
normal
diameters ,
diametral , , , , ,
, . See also diametral pitch
in normal plane
point ,
pitting ,
of gear teeth
of rolling bearings
plane
strain
stress
plane strain
plane stress
planet gear
plastic-behavior
plastics
maximum temperature, table
plating electroless
Poisson’s ratio ,
Poncelet
pounds force (lbf)
pounds mass (lbm)
power screw ,
back driven
self-locking
torque in
power, shaft
preload
controlling in bolts
preloaded
bolts
fasteners
preloaded structure
press-fit
dowel pins
pressure angle
cam-follower
flat-faced
of gearsets , ,
normal
transverse
of wormsets
principal stresses , .
See also stress: principal
profilometer
proof strength
proportional limit
prototype
Q
quenching
R
Rabinowicz, E.
rack
and pinion
steering
cutter
helical
radius of curvature
undercutting
radius of gyration B D
INDEX
Rayleigh-Ritz method
Rayleigh’s method ,
residual stresses ,
compressive
resilience
resonance ,
Reynolds’ equation ,
ring gear
rocket motor case.
See failure: of rocket-motor case
Rockwell test
rod end
roll-bonding
roller bearings
rollers
crowned
logarithmic curve
stress concentration in
rolling
cylinders ,
rolling contact
combined rolling and sliding
gear teeth
contact patch
half-width ,
semi-ellipsoid
contact pressure
contact stress
subsurface shear stress ,
cylinder-on-cylinder
cylindrical contact
geometry constant
Hertzian stress
stress distribution
material constants
pit formation
pitting
semi-ellipsoid
pressure distribution
sphere-on-sphere
rolling-element bearings
rolls
nip ,
rotating-beam test ,
rotating machinery
loading in
R. R. Moore rotating-beam test
S
SAE
wire alloy numbers
safety factor ,
fluctuating stress ,
preloaded bolts
dynamic loading
screw
efficiency
lead ,
power ,
torque to lower load
torque to raise load
torsional stress in
screws
ball
self-drilling
self-tapping
slotted
socket cap
tapping
thread-cutting
thread-forming
second moment of area
polar
section modulus
self-locking ,
of a lead screw
of a worm
SEMS
SEQA equation
servo
mechanisms
motor
shaft
as a beam
as a torsion bar
critical speed
deflections , ,
dynamic
design
ASME method
hardened
hollow ,
key
loading
time-varying
natural frequency ,
stepped , ,
effective spring constant
stresses ,
transmission ,
vibration
lateral ,
torsional
whirl , ,
shear
area
direct
double
single
torsional
transverse, in beams ,
shot peening , , ,
significant figures
silicon carbide
Simpson’s rule
Sines equation ,
singularity functions , .
See also functions: singularity
SI system
slop
slugs ,
Smith and Lui
snap-ring ,
S-N diagram
estimated
knee of
Sommerfeld number
space width (gears)
spalling , ,
of rolling bearings
specific
film thickness
gravity
plastics, table of
stiffness
strength
splines
sprag
spreadsheet
spring
constant
torsional ,
flat
bend factor
flat-strip stock
materials
rectangular wire
wire
spring index ,
spring rate , , ,
combined
in parallel
in series
helical compression spring
helical extension springs
springs ,
beam
Belleville
designing
dynamic loading
load-deflection relationship
stacking
static loading
stresses in
cantilever
clock
helical compression ,
active coils
assembled length
barrel
buckling of
clash allowance
conical
designing for dynamic loads
designing for static loads
direct shear factor
end details
free length
hourglass
mean coil diameter
natural frequency of
residual stresses
setting
shut height ,
spring rate
stresses in
surging
torsional fatigue strength
torsional yield strength
helical extension ,
active coils
coil preload D
MACHINE DESIGN - An Integrated Approach - Sixth Edition
deflection
design of
drawbar
hooks and loops
spring rate
stresses in
helical torsion ,
active coils
coil closure
design of
spring rate
stress in
in series
load reversal in
motor
power
shot-peening of
variable rate
volute
Wahl’s factor for
washers
square thread
standard deviation
static load analysis
static strength
statistical considerations
steel
alloy
strengths of, table
cast
cold-rolled
hot-rolled
numbering systems
plain carbon
strengths of, table
stainless
series
series
austenitic
martensitic
strengths of, table
tool
strengths of, table
wrought
stepping motor
stiffness
of a joint
determining
specific , ,
stiffness constant
of a joint
stiffness matrix
reduced
straight-eight engine
straight-line linkage
strain , ,
plane
strain energy , , ,
components of
strength
bending fatigue
of spring wire
compressive
creep
endurance
fatigue ,
impact
of screw fasteners
of various materials, tables
proof. See proof strength
shear yield ,
specific
tensile
torsional fatigue
of spring wire ,
torsional yield
of helical spring wire
to-weight ratio
ultimate tensile
as function of hardness
ultimate torsion
as function of tensile strength
yield ,
brittle material
strength-to-weight ratio
stress , ,
-D ,
-D
alternating component
amplitude ratio
applied ,
as a function of time ,
bearing
combined
concentration , , , ,
at notches
designing to avoid
due to notches
dynamic loads ,
geometric ,
static loads
torsional
concentration factor
in threads
concentration factors
contact
corrosion ,
cubic polynomial
cyclic
effective ,
Dowling
von Mises
fluctuating
designing for
design steps for
fully reversed ,
designing for
Hertzian , ,
induced
in gears
helical
spur
intensity factor ,
range
maximum bending
maximum shear ,
mean component
multiaxial
designing for in fatigue ,
fluctuating
fully-reversed
nominal ,
normal ,
octahedral
plane
principal , ,
raisers ,
range
ratio
repeated
residual ,
methods for introducing
residual compressive , , ,
shafts
shear , ,
tensile
thermal
von Mises , ,
stress analysis
photoelastic
stress concentration , ,
factors
fatigue
geometric ,
with fluctuating stress
stress-corrosion ,
stress intensity factor.
See stress: intensity factor
stress-strain curve
stress-time functions ,
structure
stud
stylus
sulfides
sun gear
surface
asperities
coatings
compressive stresses ,
contaminants
crack initiation
inclusion origin
fatigue , , , ,
strength
subcase failure
USM Corp test data
peeling
pitting
effect of lubricant
fatigue
point surface origin
subsurface cracks
polishing
roughness , ,
composite
effect on friction
parameters
skewness
waviness
scoring
scuffing B D
INDEX
spalling
treatments
autofrettage
coining
cold forming ,
mechanical prestressing
shot peening ,
synthesis
system
discrete
T
tapping screws
tear-out
teeth
virtual
Teflon
temperature
effects
maximum for plastics
recrystallization
tempering
tensile strength
of alloy steels, table
of aluminums, table
of carbon steels, table
of cast irons, table
of copper alloys, table
of plastics, table
of stainless steel, table
tensile test , , ,
thread
Acme ,
Acme stub
buttress
class of fit
cutting
lead angle
minimum nut length
minimum tapped hole engagement
multiple
multiple-start
pitch
rolling
advantages of
specification
square ,
standard
dimensions
stress
stripping-shear area
tensile-stress area
Unified National Standard (UNS)
coarse series
extra fine series
fine series
threads
stress-concentration in
stresses in
axial
shear
thrust bearing
ball or roller
hydrostatic
titanium
tooth thickness
torque
coefficient
converter
fluctuating
needed for preload
pinion
ratio ,
repeated
-time function
wrench
torsion , , ,
in circular cross-sections
in noncircular cross-sections
test , ,
torsional damper
toughness
trade-offs
train ratio
transmission
automotive , , ,
trapezoidal rule
Tresca
true stress-strain curve
tumbling
tuned absorber
turn-of-the-nut method
U
ultimate compressive strength
of cast irons, table
of plastics, table
ultimate tensile strength
of alloy steels, table
of aluminum, table
of carbon steels, table
of cast irons, table
of copper alloys, table
of plastics, table
of stainless steel, table
undercutting ,
uneven material
uniaxial stress state
units
units systems
unstructured problem
U.S. units system
V
vector loop equation
vee-eight engine
velocity
ratio ,
of involute gears
vibration
self-excited
torsional
controlling
torsional damper
tuned absorber
Vickers hardness test
virtual
gear
teeth
viscosity ,
absolute ,
units of
kinematic
units of
von Mises , , ,
W
washers ,
Belleville , ,
fender
load-indicating
lock
water-jet
Way, S.
wear
abrasive , , ,
adhesive , ,
in gear teeth
corrosive
Weibull distribution
weight
weld
area
as a line
atomic cleanliness
backing strip
eccentric loading
electrode
numbering
failure
from compression stress
filler metal
fusion
groove
size
HAZ
heat affected zone
hydrogen embrittlement
joint
butt
corner
edge
lap
preparation
shapes
tee
leg width
metal
fatigue strength of
overmatching
parent metal
penetration
complete
partial
reinforcement
safety factor
static MACHINE DESIGN - An Integrated Approach - Sixth Edition
slag
specification
strength
endurance
fatigue
fatigue safety factor
reliability factors
static
testing
stress
dynamic
mean
range
residual ,
static
static allowable
throat
throat width
type
fillet
groove
laser
plug
seam
slot
spot
undermatching
welding
codes
electrode
gas
symbol
type
arc
FCAW
GMAW
GTAW
MIG
resistance
SAW
SMAW
TIG
welding, cold
weldment
categories
cost
design considerations
design principles
wire
rectangular
square
strength as function of size
Wohler
August
strength-life diagram ,
worm
gear
wheel
wrench
pneumatic impact
torque
error in preload
writing engineering reports
wrought
Y
yield
point
strength
of alloy steels, table
of aluminum, table
of carbon steels, table
of copper alloys, table
of stainless steel, table
Young’s modulus , , ,
tables ,
Z
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