كتاب Mechanical Properties of Ceramics and Composites

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Mechanical Properties of Ceramics and Composites

ويتناول الموضوعات الأتية :

coustic emission, 106, 626, 629, 685
Ballistic impact
grain size effects, 314–317, 674
mechanisms, 297
Ceramic composites
ceramic-metal, 510–519, 576–580,
607
costs, 606
crack propagation, 461–472
crystallized glass, 490, 622, 637, 678
elastic moduli, 458–461, 472–481
correlation with strengths, 517,
568–569, 579
erosion, 610
eutectic, 508–510, 575, 608, 643,
646
flaw sizes, 568
fracture toughness, 461–472, 489–519
glass-ceramic, 538–547
grain size, 496, 570, 572, 646
toughness effects, 498
melt derived, 554–559
microcracking, 473, 518
natural, 3, 544–547, 640
nonoxide matrix, 563–568, 640
[Ceramic composites]
oxide matrix, 559–563, 640
particle-crack interactions, 461–472,
481–487, 511–512
particle size
nanoscale, 500
toughness effects, 500, 520
strength effects, 536–592
platelet, 572–575, 572, 574, 586, 589,
607–609, 629, 640, 641, 677, 684
scope, 3
whisker, 568–572, 569, 589, 607, 621,
629, 641
ZrO
2
toughened, 462–463, 548–559,
621–623, 638, 650, 679
Ceramics, monolithic
borides
other borides, 436
TiB
2
, 56, 80, 174–175, 260, 300,
310, 326, 393, 432, 444
ZrB
2
, 300
carbides
B
4
C, 80, 174–177, 197, 261, 300,
310, 338, 436
SiC, 74, 80, 107, 152–155, 222,
262, 310, 324, 334, 363, 368,
434, 436, 437
691
Index
[Ceramics, monolithic]
TiC, 326, 431
other carbides (including diamond),
156, 157, 255, 310, 436
nitrides
AlN, 178, 304, 310, 316, 326
BN, 300, 629–633
Si
3
N
4
, 78, 80, 179, 197, 219, 220,
265, 326, 368, 400, 436
other ceramics, 72, 78, 136, 145, 173,
194, 270, 278, 449
oxides
Al
2
O
3
, 55, 59, 62, 80, 81, 96,
157–165, 249–252, 272, 278,
301, 310, 315, 319, 323, 331,
332, 338, 357, 360, 368, 373,
378–380, 396, 433, 437,
439–440, 443, 445, 673
BaTiO
3
, 63, 137–138
BeO, 81, 165–166, 252–254, 310,
383
CaO, 139–140
ferrites, 73, 96
H
2
O, 381, 441
MgAl
2
O
4
, 60, 73, 78, 149–152,
258–259, 175, 361
MgO, 72, 80, 141–142, 197, 254,
274, 276, 303, 325, 338, 386,
433, 442, 443, 449
mullite, 362, 391, 433
other oxides, 55, 56, 81, 96,
170–173, 449
PZT, 55, 103
ThO
2
, 145, 387
TiO
2
, 55, 80, 81, 167, 255
UO
2
, 301, 388
Y
2
O
3
, 55, 72, 78, 145–146, 256, 453
ZrO
2
, 55, 86, 147–148, 167–169,
197, 257, 325, 366, 390, 433, 449
Compressive strength
additive effects, 302
composites, 604, 605, 646, 679
crystallized glasses, 608
failure, 296, 311, 441
grain size effects, 299–305, 551, 605
hardness relation, 305, 309–310, 674
[Compressive strength]
hydrostatic effects, 302–303
platelet composites, 608, 647
strain rate effects, 445
temperature dependence, 438–446
Crack
branching
toughness effects, 87, 642
bridging, 46, 502, 555, 642
and microcracking, 90
toughness effects, 52, 53, 87
healing, 643
propagation (see also SCG)
scale effects, 47, 490
surface vs. interior, 307
velocity effects, 60, 487, 514, 650,
676
Creep, 354, 642, 645, 646, 650, 672
Elastic anisotropy
composites, 641, 648
definition, 448
effects, 33, 49, 130, 284–286, 312,
354, 403, 409, 414
grain shape effects, 449
temperature dependence, 448–450,
453
Elastic moduli
composites, 458–461, 472–481, 621,
630, 641
hardness correlation, 650
strength correlation, 517, 568–569,
472–481, 648
temperature dependence, 353,
408–409, 414, 621, 649
Electrical breakdown
microstructural effects, 9, 660
Environmental degradation, 64–65
Erosion, 298, 317–321, 610
Fatigue
composites, 487, 609
compressive, 307
mechanical, 635–637, 678
tensile, 105, 672
thermal shock, 633–635
692 Index
Fiber
elastic moduli, 621
strength-grain size dependence, 153,
154, 164
Fractography (see also fracture origins),
36, 106, 362, 391, 591–592,
642
Fracture mode, 44
composites, 481–486, 623–625, 642
EA effects, 49, 56
environmental effects, 50, 59, 91
grain effects, 55, 99, 502
mixed mode, 87
platelet composites, 503
and SCG, 665
thermal expansion anisotropy (TEA)
effects, 56
Fracture origins
large grains, 13–16
large particle, 56
platelet, 35, 574
whisker, 581–582
Fracture toughness, 666
additive effects, 669
anisotropy, 90, 96, 103
bridging effects, 52, 109, 642, 667,
672, 681–682
ceramic-metal composites, 510–519
composites, 461–472, 489–516, 624,
641
crack size effects, 47, 491, 496, 626
crack velocity effects, 60, 487, 514,
650, 676
crystallized glasses, 490
electric field effects, 104
eutectic composites, 508–510
fibers, 107
grain size dependence, 71–75, 79–86,
498
microcracking effects, 52, 514,
623–624, 668
particle dependence, 502
platelet composites, 502–505
R-curve effects, 52, 89, 90, 319, 491,
642, 667, 672, 681–682
single crystal, 75–79
[Fracture toughness]
single grain-polycrystalline transition,
75–79
temperature dependence, 356–367
tests, 45
versus strength (see tensile strength)
wake effects, 52, 87, 90, 91, 109, 514,
681–682
whisker composites, 505–508, 507
Grain
bimodal distribution, 12
boundary phase effects, 276, 361, 440
colonies, 20–21, 26–27, 101
columnar, 18–20
definition, 2
effects, 8, 318
exaggerated, 11–16, 23–24
observation, measurement, 17
orientation, 22, 25, 34, 54, 94–96,
98–102, 192–195
parameters, 4, 10, 28
shape, 22, 31, 94, 312, 403, 675
size
composites, 555, 559, 565, 572
effects, 8
maximum versus average, 35
measurement, 29–32
Hardness
composites, 602, 607–608, 641,
646
composition-grain size effects, 282
crystalline anisotropy, 278–280,
430–432, 674
crystallized glasses, 603
crystal structure effects, 248–249,
264,
electric field effects, 280–281
environmental effects, 280–281,
445–446
grain orientation dependence,
277–281
grain shape dependence, 277–281
grain size dependence, 249–265,
282–283, 304, 562
Index 693
[Hardness]
Hall-Petch dependence, 246–247
indentation cracking, 271–277,
284–286, 446, 674
Knoop versus Vickers, 247–248,
266
minima, 250–270, 284–285
plastic deformation, 245–248, 296
temperature dependence, 430–438
Internal friction, 629–631
Machining
flaws, 298, 568, 684
rates, 338–340
strength anisotropy, 197, 587
stresses, 582
Mean free path (particle spacing), 537,
539
grain size relation, 679
Microcrack, 675
characterization, 50
closure, 69, 403, 643
composites, 493, 500, 502, 503, 552,
555, 567, 570, 623, 627, 648,
675
compressive effects, 311
density, 68
environmental effects, 375
formation in composites, 473
fracture mode, 69, 665
grain size dependence, 65, 66, 68
indent related, 271–277, 284–286
porosity effects, 627
relation to other cracking, 70
strength effects, 671–672, 674
and thermal expansion, 661
and thermal shock, 635
toughness effects, 52, 68, 71–75,
79–86
Nanoscale
grains, 7
hardness effects, 255, 283
strength effects, 154, 164, 173,
184–186
[Nanoscale]
impurity effects, 184–186
particles, 7, 500
strength effects, 589
Orientation, 94–102, 192–195, 631, 641,
669
Particle
definition, 2
effects, 8, 583, 585
parameters, 4, 10, 28
size
effects, 8, 628, 677
measurement, 29
Plastic deformation, 404, 440, 638,
644, 647–649, 669,
671
anisotropy, 448
boundary phase effects, 408
sapphire, 412–413
twinning
Al
2
O
3
in compression, 313,
405, 413, 445, 447, 452,
673
B
4
C, 410
Porosity, 660
and microcracking, 627
solidification, 25
Precision elastic limit, 112
Processing
chemical vapor deposition, 687
melt, 687
reaction, 687
Slow crack growth (SCG)
additive effects, 92, 108, 669
fracture mode, 57, 59, 665
grain dependence, 57, 61,62, 98
high temperature, 367–371, 622–625,
637
low temperature, 46, 48, 60,
371–376
microcracking, 375
tests, 45
and thermal shock, 635
694 Index
Tensile strength
compositional effects, 163, 180–186
correlation with Young’s modulus,
213–217, 398–399, 642, 649
fibers, 153, 154, 164
flaw control, 129, 642, 670, 671
grain orientation effects, 192–195
grain shape effects, 189–192
grain size effect, 135–180,
186–189
high temperature, 376–394
large grain effects, 192
microcrack control, 129, 172
microplastic control, 129, 134–143
surface finish effects, 195–206
test effects, 201–204
versus, toughness, 44, 54, 213–223,
412, 493, 501, 504–507,
513–514, 516, 551–552,
559–568, 572–577, 583–588,
627, 641
Thermal conductivity, 658
composite, 663
Thermal expansion anisotropy (TEA)
composites, 488
fracture mode effects, 56
hardness effects, 284
[Thermal expansion anisotropy (TEA)]
strength effects, 130, 211, 312, 403
temperature effects, 448
Thermal stress, shock
composites, 625–633, 678
fatigue, 633–635
and microcracking, 635
monolithic ceramics, 355–356,
394–397
and SCG, 635
Wear
composites, 611–613, 680
EA effects, 343
fatigue, 627
grain size dependence, 322–337
high temperature, recrystallization,
447
plastic deformation, 330
TEA effects, 343
Weibull modulus
composites, 504, 580–581
compressive failure, 308, 342, 674
fibers, 202
tensile failure, 90, 99, 213, 221–222
Zirconia reductio

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