كتاب Machine Elements In Mechanical Design

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Machine Elements In Mechanical Design
Robert L. Mott, RE
University of Dayton

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Contents
PART I Principles of Design and Stress
Analysis
The Nature of Mechanical Design
The Big Picture
You Are the Designer
Objectives of This Chapter
The Mechanical Design Process
Skills Needed in Mechanical Design
Functions, Design Requirements, and
Evaluation Criteria
Example of the Integration of Machine
Elements into a Mechanical Design
Computational Aids in This Book
Design Calculations
Preferred Basic Sizes, Screw Threads, and
Standard Shapes
Unit Systems
Distinction among Weight, Force, and Mass
References
Internet Sites
Problems
Materials in Mechanical Design
The Big Picture
You Are the Designer
Objectives of This Chapter
Properties of Materials
Classification of Metals and Alloys
Variability of Material Properties Data
Carbon and Alloy Steel
Conditions for Steels and Heat Treatment
Stainless Steels
Structural Steel
Tool Steels
Cast Iron
Powdered Metals
Aluminum
Zinc Alloys
Titanium
Copper, Brass, and Bronze
NickelBased Alloys
Plastics
Composite Materials
Materials Selection
References
Internet Sites
Problems
Stress and Deformation Analysis
The Big Picture
You Are the Designer
Objectives of This Chapter
Philosophy of a Safe Design
Representing Stresses on a Stress Element
Direct Stresses: Tension and Compression
Deformation under Direct Axial Loading
Direct Shear Stress
Relationship among Torque, Power, and
Rotational Speed
Torsional Shear Stress
Torsional Deformation
Torsion in Members Having Noncircular Cross
Sections
Torsion in Closed, ThinWalled Tubes
Open Tubes and a Comparison with Clo.sed
Tubes
Vertical Shearing Stress
Special Shearing Stress Formulas
VII
Vlll Contents
Stress Due to Bending
Flexural Center for Beams
Beam Deflections
Equations for Deflected Beam Shape
Beams with Concentrated Bending
Moments
Combined Normal Stresses: Superposition
Principle
Stress Concentrations
Notch Sensitivity and Strength Reduction
Factor
References
Internet Sites
Problems
Combined Stresses and
Mohr's Circle
The Big Picture
You Are the Designer
Objectives of This Chapter
General Case of Combined Stress
Mohr's Circle
Mohr's Circle Practice Problems
Case When Both Principal Stresses Have the
Same Sign
Mohr's Circle for Special Stress
Conditions
Analysis of Complex Loading
Conditions
References
Internet Site
Problems
Design for Different Types
of Loading
The Big Picture
You Are the Designer
Objectives of This Chapter
Types of Loading and Stress Ratio
Endurance Strength
Estimated Actual Endurance Strength, .v,'
Example Problems for Estimating Actual
Endurance Strength
Design Philosophy
Design Factors
Predictions of Failure
Design Analysis Methods
General Design Procedure
Design Examples
Statistical Approaches to Design
Finite Life and Damage Accumulafion
Method
References
Problems
Columns
The Big Picture
You Are the Designer
Objectives of This Chapter
Properties of the Cross Section of a Column
End Fixity and Effective Length
Slenderness Ratio
Transition Slenderness Ratio
Long Column Analysis: The Euler
Formula
Short Column Analysis: The J. B. Johnson
Formula
Column Analysis Spreadsheet
Efficient Shapes for Column Cross
Sections
The Design of Columns
Crooked Columns
Eccentrically Loaded Columns
References
Problems
PART II Design of a Mechanical Drive
Belt Drives and Chain Drives
The Big Picture
You Are the Designer
Objecfives of This Chapter
Types of Belt Drives
Contents IX
VBelt Drives
^ VBelt Drive Design
Chain Drives
Design of Chain Drives
References
Internet Sites
Problems
Kinematics of Gears
The Big Picture
You Are the Designer
Objectives of This Chapter
Spur Gear Styles
Spur Gear Geometry: InvoluteTooth Fonn
Spur Gear Nomenclature and GearTooth
Features
Interference between Mating Spur Gear
Teeth
Velocity Ratio and Gear Trains
Helical Gear Geometry
Bevel Gear Geometry
Types of Wormgearing
Geometry of Worms and Wormgears
Typical Geometry of Wormgear Sets
Train Value for Complex Gear Trains
Devising Gear Trains
References
Internet Sites
Problems
Spur Gear Design
The Big Picture
You Are the Designer
Objectives of This Chapter
Concepts from Previous Chapters
Forces, Torque, and Power in Gearing
^ Gear Manufacture
Gear Quality
Allowable Stress Numbers
Metallic Gear Materials
Stresses in Gear Teeth
Selection of Gear Material Based on Bending
Stress
Pitting Resistance of Gear Teeth
Selection of Gear Material Based on Contact
Stress
Design of Spur Gears
Gear Design for the Metric Module
System
ComputerAided Spur Gear Design and
Analysis
Use of the Spur Gear Design Spreadsheet
PowerTransmitting Capacity
Practical Considerations for Gears and
Interfaces with Other Elements
Plastics Gearing
References
Internet Sites
Problems
Helical Gears, Bevel Gears,
and Wormgearing
The Big Picture
You Are the Designer
Objectives of This Chapter
Forces on Helical Gear Teeth
Stresses in Helical Gear Teeth
Pitting Resistance for Helical Gear Teeth
Design of Helical Gears
Forces on Straight Bevel Gears
Bearing Forces on Shafts Carrying Bevel
Gears
Bending Moments on Shafts Carrying Bevel
Gears
Stresses in Straight Bevel Gear Teeth
Design of Bevel Gears for Pitting
Resistance
Forces, Friction, and Efficiency in Wormgear
Sets
Stress in Wormgear Teeth
Surface Durability of Wormgear Drives
References
Internet Sites
Problems
Contents
Keys, Couplings, and Seals
The Big Picture
You Are the Designer
Objectives of This Chapter
Keys
Materials for Keys
Stress Analysis to Determine Key
Length
Splines
Other Methods of Fastening Elements to
Shafts
Couplings
Universal Joints
Retaining Rings and Other Means of Axial
Location
Types of Seals
Seal Materials
References
Internet Sites
Problems
Shaft Design
The Big Picture
You Are the Designer
Objectives of This Chapter
Shaft Design Procedure
Forces Exerted on Shafts by Machine
Elements
Stress Concentrations in Shafts
Design Stresses for Shafts
Shafts in Bending and Torsion Only
Shaft Design Example
Recommended Basic Sizes for Shafts
Additional Design Examples
Spreadsheet Aid for Shaft Design
Shaft Rigidity and Dynamic
Considerations
Flexible Shafts
References
Internet Sites
Problems
Tolerances and Fits
The Big Picture
You Are the Designer
Objectives of This Chapter
Factors Affecting Tolerances and Fits
Tolerances, Production Processes, and Cest
Preferred Basic Sizes
Clearance Fits
Interference Fits
Transition Fits
Stresses for Force Fits
General Tolerancing Methods
Robust Product Design
References
Internet Sites
Problems
Rolling Contact Bearings
The Big Picture
You Are the Designer
Objectives of This Chapter
Types of Rolling Contact Bearings
Thru.st Bearings
Mounted Bearings
Bearing Materials
Load/Life Relationship
Bearing Manufacturers' Data
Design Life
Bearing Selection: Radial Loads Only
Bearing Selection: Radial and Thmst Loads
Combined
Mounting of Bearings
Tapered Roller Bearings
Practical Considerations in the Application of
Bearings
Importance of Oil Film Thickness in
Bearings
Life Prediction under Varying Loads
References
Internet Sites
Problems
Contents XI
Completion of the Design of a Power
Transmission
The Big Picture
Objectives of This Chapter
Description of the Power Transmission to Be
Designed
Design Alternatives and Selection of the
Design Approach
Design Alternatives for the GearType
Reducer
General Layout and Design Details of the
Reducer
Final Design Details for the Shafts
Assembly Drawing
References
Internet Sites
PART III Design Details and Other
Machine Elements
Plain Surface Bearings
The Big Picture
You Are the Designer
Objectives of This Chapter
The Bearing Design Task
Bearing Parameter, [xnip
Bearing Materials
Design of BoundaryLubricated Bearings
FullFilm Hydrodynamic Bearings
Design of FullFilm Hydrodynamically
Lubricated Bearings
Practical Considerations for Plain Surface
Bearings
Hydrostatic Bearings
Tribology: Fricfion, Lubrication, and Wear
References
Internet Sites
Problems
Linear Motion Elements
The Big Picture
You Are the Designer
Objectives of This Chapter
Power Screws
Ball Screws
Application Considerations for Power Screws
and Ball Screws
References
Internet Sites
Problems
Fasteners
The Big Picture
You Are the Designer
Objecfives of This Chapter
Bolt Materials and Strength
Thread Designations and Stress Area
Clamping Load and Tightening of Bolted
Joints
Extemally Applied Force on a Bolted Joint
Thread Stripping Strength
Other Types of Fasteners and Accessories
Other Means of Fastening and Joining
References
Internet Sites
Problems
Springs
The Big Picture
You Are the Designer
Objectives of This Chapter
Kinds of Springs
Helical Compression Springs
Stresses and Deflection for Helical
Compression Springs
Analysis of Spring Characteristics
Design of Helical Compression Springs
Extension Springs
Helical Torsion Springs
Improving Spring Performance by Shot
Peening
Spring Manufacturing
References
Internet Sites
Problems
XII Contents
Machine Frames, Bolted Connections,
and Welded Joints
The Big Picture
You Are the Designer
Objectives of This Chapter
Machine Frames and Structures
Eccentrically Loaded Bolted Joints
Welded Joints
References
Internet Sites
Problems
Electric Motors and Controls
The Big Picture
You Are the Designer
Objecfives of This Chapter
Motor Selection Factors
AC Power and General Information about AC
Motors
^ Principles of Operation of AC Induction
Motors
AC Motor Performance
ThreePhase, SquirrelCage Induction
Motors
SinglePhase Motors
AC Motor Frame Types and Enclosures
Controls for AC Motors
DC Power
DC Motors
DC Motor Control
Other Types of Motors
References
Internet Sites
Problems
Motion Control: Clutches
and Brakes
The Big Picture
You Are the Designer
Objectives of This Chapter
Descriptions of Clutches and Brakes
Types of Friction Clutches and Brakes
Performance Parameters
Time Required to Accelerate a Load
Inertia of a Sy.stem Referred to the Clutch Shaft
Speed
Effective Inertia for Bodies Moving
Lineariy
Energy Absorption: HeatDissipation
Requirements
Response Time
Friction Materials and Coefficient
of Friction
PlateType Clutch or Brake
Caliper Disc Brakes
Cone Clutch or Brake
Drum Brakes
Band Brakes
Other Types of Clutches and Brakes
References
Internet Sites
Problems
Design Projects
Objectives of This Chapter
Design Projects
Appendices A
Appendix Properties of Areas A
Appendix Preferred Basic Sizes and Screw
Threads A
Appendix Design Properties of Carbon and Alloy
Steels A
Appendix Properties of HeatTreated Steels A
Appendix Properties of Carburized Steels A
Appendix Properties of Stainless Steels A
Appendix Properties of Structural Steels A
Appendix Design Properties of Cast Iron A
Appendix Typical Properties of Aluminum A
Appendix Typical Properties of Zinc Casfing
Alloys A
Appendix Properties of Titanium Alloys A
Contents Xlll
Appendix Properties of Bronzes A
Appendix Typical Properties of Selected Plastics
A
Appendix BeamDeflection Formulas A
Appendix Stress Concentration Factors A
Appendix Steel Structural Shapes A
Appendix Aluminum Structural Shapes A
Appendix Conversion Factors A
Appendix Hardness Conversion Table A—
Appendix Geometry Factor / for Pitting for Spur
Gears A
Answers to Selected Problems A

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