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 |  موضوع: كتاب Mechanisms and Mechanical Devices Sourcebook الخميس 24 يناير 2013, 11:34 pm | |
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Mechanisms and Mechanical Devices Sourcebook
Fifth Edition
NEIL SCLATER
و المحتوى كما يلي :
CONTENTS
PREFACE xi
CHAPTER 1 BASICS OF MECHANISMS 1
Introduction 2
Physical Principles 2
Efficiency of Machines 2
Mechanical Advantage 2
Velocity Ratio 3
Inclined Plane 3
Pulley Systems 3
Screw-Type Jack 4
Levers and Mechanisms 4
Levers 4
Winches, Windlasses, and Capstans 5
Linkages 5
Simple Planar Linkages 5
Specialized Linkages 6
Straight-Line Generators 7
Rotary/Linear Linkages 8
Specialized Mechanisms 9
Gears and Gearing 10
Simple Gear Trains 11
Compound Gear Trains 11
Gear Classification 11
Practical Gear Configurations 12
Gear Tooth Geometry 13
Gear Terminology 13
Gear Dynamics Terminology 13
Pulleys and Belts 14
Sprockets and Chains 14
Cam Mechanisms 14
Classification of Cam Mechanisms 15
Cam Terminology 17
Clutch Mechanisms 17
Externally Controlled Friction Clutches 17
Externally Controlled Positive Clutches 17
Internally Controlled Clutches 18
Glossary of Common Mechanical Terms 18
CHAPTER 2 MOTION CONTROL SYSTEMS 21
Motion Control Systems Overview 22
Glossary of Motion Control Terms 28
Mechanical Components Form Specialized Motion-Control Systems 29
Servomotors, Stepper Motors, and Actuators for Motion Control 30
Servosystem Feedback Sensors 38
Solenoids and Their Applications 45CHAPTER 3 STATIONARY AND MOBILE ROBOTS 49
Introduction to Robots 50
The Robot Defined 50
Stationary Autonomous Industrial Robots 50
Some Robot History 51
The Worldwide Robot Market 51
Industrial Robots 51
Industrial Robot Advantages 52
Industrial Robot Characteristics 53
Industrial Robot Geometry 53
Four Different ABB Industrial Robots 56
IRB 2400 57
IRB 6400RF 57
IRB 6640 57
IRB 7600 57
Autonomous and Semiautonomous Mobile Robots 58
Options for Communication and Control 58
Land-based Mobile Robots Can Scout and Retrieve 58
Submersible Mobile Robots Can Search and Explore 58
Robotic Aircraft (Drones) Can Search and Destroy 58
Planetary Exploration Robots Can Examine and Report 59
Laboratory/Scientific Robots Can Mimic Human Behavior 59
Commercial Robots Can Deliver and Retrieve Goods 59
Consumer Robots Clean Floors and Mow Lawns 59
Some Robots Entertain or Educate 59
Seven Mobile Autonomous and Semiautonomous Robots 60
Two Robots Have Explored Mars for Six Years 60
This Robot Will Carry on the Work of Spirit and Opportunity 61
This Robot Responds to Civil Emergencies 62
Robot Delivers Hospital Supplies 62
A Military Remotely-Piloted Aircraft Can Observe and Attack the Enemy 63
Submarine Robot Searches for Underwater Mines and Obstructions 64
This System Offers Less Intrusive Surgery and Faster Recovery 65
Glossary of Robotic Terms 66
Modified Four-Limbed Robot Is a Better Climber 68
Six-Legged Robot Crawls on Mesh in Lunar Gravity 69
Two Robots Anchor Another Traversing Steep Slopes 70
Six-Legged Robot Can Be Steered While Hopping 71
CHAPTER 4 MECHANISMS FOR RENEWABLE POWER
GENERATION 73
Overview of Renewable Energy Sources 74
Nuclear: The Unlikely Prime Renewable 74
Alternative Renewable Energy Sources 75
Baseload and Baseload Demand Power Plants 75
Windmills: Early Renewable Power Sources 75
Wind Turbines: Descendents of Windmills 76
Where Are Wind Turbines Located? 77
Concentrating Solar Thermal (CST) Systems 78
Parabolic Trough Mirror Solar Thermal (CST) Plants 78
Power-Tower Solar Thermal (CST) Plants 79
Linear Fresnel Reflector Thermal (CST) Plants 80
Parabolic Dish Stirling Solar Thermal (CST) Plants 81
How a Stirling Engine Works 82
The Outlook for CST Renewable Energy 83
ivHarnessing Moving-Water Power 84
Tidal Electric Power Generation 84
Ocean-Wave Power Generation 84
Another Possible Mechanical Hydropower Solution 84
The Relative Costs of Renewable Energy 85
Glossary of Wind Turbine Terms 86
Renewable Energy Resources 87
CHAPTER 5 LINKAGES: DRIVES AND MECHANISMS 89
Four-Bar Linkages and Typical Industrial Applications 90
Seven Linkages for Transport Mechanisms 92
Five Linkages for Straight-Line Motion 95
Six Expanding and Contracting Linkages 97
Four Linkages for Different Motions 98
Nine Linkages for Accelerating and Decelerating Linear Motions 99
Twelve Linkages for Multiplying Short Motions 101
Four Parallel-Link Mechanisms 103
Seven Stroke Multiplier Linkages 103
Nine Force and Stroke Multiplier Linkages 105
Eighteen Variations of Differential Linkage 107
Four-Bar Space Mechanisms 109
Seven Three-Dimensional Linkage Drives 111
Thirteen Different Toggle Linkage Applications 116
Hinged Links and Torsion Bushings Soft-Start Drives 118
Eight Linkages for Band Clutches and Brakes 119
Design of Crank-and-Rocker Links for Optimum Force Transmission 121
Design of Four-Bar Linkages for Angular Motion 124
Multibar Linkages for Curvilinear Motions 125
Roberts’ Law Helps to Design Alternate Four-Bar Linkages 128
Design of Slider-Crank Mechanisms 129
CHAPTER 6 GEARS: DEVICES, DRIVES, AND MECHANISMS 131
Gears and Eccentric Disk Provide Quick Indexing 132
Odd-Shaped Planetary Gears Smooth Stop and Go 133
Cycloid Gear Mechanism Controls Pump Stroke 136
Gears Convert Rotary-to-Linear Motion 137
Twin-Motor Planetary Gears Offer Safety and Dual-Speed 137
Eleven Cycloid Gear Mechanisms 138
Five Cardan-Gear Mechanisms 141
Controlled Differential Gear Drives 143
Flexible Face-Gears Are Efficient High-Ratio Speed Reducers 144
Rotary Sequencer Gears Turn Coaxially 145
Planetary Gear Systems 146
Noncircular Gears Are Balanced for Speed 153
Sheet-Metal Gears, Sprockets, Worms, and Ratchets for Light Loads 157
Thirteen Ways Gears and Clutches Can Change Speed Ratios 159
Gear and Clutch Shifting Mechanisms 161
Twinworm Gear Drive Offers Bidirectional Output 163
Bevel and Hypoid Gear Design Prevents Undercutting 164
Machining Method to Improve Worm Gear Meshing 165
Geared Speed Reducers Offer One-Way Output 166
Design of Geared Five-Bar Mechanisms 167
Equations for Designing Geared Cycloid Mechanisms 171
Design Curves and Equations for Gear-Slider Mechanisms 174
vCHAPTER 7 CAM, GENEVA, AND RATCHET DRIVES
AND MECHANISMS 179
Cam-Controlled Planetary Gear System 180
Five Cam-Stroke-Amplifying Mechanisms 181
Cam-Curve-Generating Mechanisms 182
Fifteen Different Cam Mechanisms 188
Ten Special-Function Cams 190
Twenty Geneva Drives 192
Six Modified Geneva Drives 196
Kinematics of External Geneva Wheels 198
Kinematics of Internal Geneva Wheels 201
Star Wheels Challenge Geneva Drives for Indexing 205
Ratchet-Tooth Speed-Change Drive 208
Modified Ratchet Drive 208
Eight Toothless Ratchets 209
Analysis of Ratchet Wheels 210
CHAPTER 8 CLUTCHES AND BRAKES 211
Twelve Clutches with External or Internal Control 212
Spring-Wrapped Clutch Slips at Preset Torque 214
Controlled-Slip Expands Spring Clutch Applications 216
Spring Bands Improve Overrunning Clutch 217
Slip and Bidirectional Clutches Combine to Control Torque 218
Slip Clutches Serve Many Design Functions 219
Walking Pressure Plate Delivers Constant Torque 220
Seven Overrunning Clutches 221
One-Way Clutch Has Spring-Loaded Pins and Sprags 222
Roller Clutch Provides Two Output Speeds 222
Seven Overriding Clutches 223
Ten Applications for Overrunning Clutches 225
Eight Sprag Clutch Applications 227
Six Small Clutches Perform Precise Tasks 229
Twelve Different Station Clutches 231
Twelve Applications for Electromagnetic Clutches and Brakes 234
CHAPTER 9 LATCHING, FASTENING, AND CLAMPING
DEVICES AND MECHANISMS 237
Sixteen Latch, Toggle, and Trigger Devices 238
Fourteen Snap-Action Devices 240
Remote Controlled Latch 244
Toggle Fastener Inserts, Locks, and Releases Easily 245
Grapple Frees Loads Automatically 245
Quick-Release Lock Pin Has a Ball Detent 246
Automatic Brake Locks Hoist When Driving Torque Ceases 246
Lift-Tong Mechanism Firmly Grips Objects 247
Perpendicular-Force Latch 247
Two Quick-Release Mechanisms 248
Shape-Memory Alloy Devices Release Latches 249
Ring Springs Clamp Platform Elevator into Position 250
Cammed Jaws in Hydraulic Cylinder Grip Sheet Metal 250
Quick-Acting Clamps for Machines and Fixtures 251
Nine Friction Clamping Devices 253
Detents for Stopping Mechanical Movements 255
Twelve Clamping Methods for Aligning Adjustable Parts 257
Spring-Loaded Chucks and Holding Fixtures 259
viCHAPTER 10 CHAIN AND BELT DEVICES AND MECHANISMS 261
Twelve Variable-Speed Belt and Chain Drives 262
Belts and Chains Are Available in Many Different Forms 265
Change Center Distance without Altering Speed Ratio 269
Motor Mount Pivots to Control Belt Tension 269
Ten Roller Chains and Their Adaptations 270
Twelve Applications for Roller Chain 272
Six Mechanisms for Reducing Pulsations in Chain Drives 276
CHAPTER 11 SPRING AND SCREW DEVICES AND MECHANISMS 279
Flat Springs in Mechanisms 280
Twelve Ways to Use Metal Springs 282
Seven Overriding Spring Mechanisms for Low-Torque Drives 284
Six Spring Motors and Associated Mechanisms 286
Twelve Air Spring Applications 288
Novel Applications for Different Springs 290
Applications for Belleville Springs 291
Vibration Control with Spring Linkage 292
Twenty Screw Devices 293
Ten Applications for Screw Mechanisms 296
Seven Special Screw Arrangements 297
Fourteen Spring and Screw Adjusting Devices 298
A Long-Stroke, High-Resolution Linear Actuator 299
CHAPTER 12 SHAFT COUPLINGS AND CONNECTIONS 301
Four Couplings for Parallel Shafts 302
Links and Disks Couple Offset Shafts 303
Disk-and-Link Couplings Simplify Torque Transmission 304
Interlocking Space-Frames Flex as They Transmit Shaft Torque 305
Coupling with Off-Center Pins Connects Misaligned Shafts 307
Universal Joint Transmits Torque 45° at Constant Speed 308
Ten Universal Shaft Couplings 309
Nineteen Methods for Coupling Rotating Shafts 311
Five Different Pin-and-Link Couplings 315
Ten Different Splined Connections 316
Fourteen Ways to Fasten Hubs to Shafts 318
Polygon Shapes Provide Superior Connections 320
CHAPTER 13 MOTION-SPECIFIC DEVICES, MECHANISMS,
AND MACHINES 323
Timing Belts, Four-Bar Linkage Team Up for Smooth Indexing 324
Ten Indexing and Intermittent Mechanisms 326
Twenty-Seven Rotary-to-Reciprocating Motion and Dwell Mechanisms 328
Five Friction Mechanisms for Intermittent Rotary Motion 334
Nine Different Ball Slides for Linear Motion 336
Ball-Bearing Screws Convert Rotary to Linear Motion 338
Nineteen Arrangements for Changing Linear Motion 339
Eight Adjustable-Output Mechanisms 343
Four Different Reversing Mechanisms 345
Ten Mechanical Computing Mechanisms 346
Nine Different Mechanical Power Amplifiers 350
Forty-Three Variable-Speed Drives and Transmissions 353
Ten Variable-Speed Friction Drives 365
Four Drives Convert Oscillating Motion to One-Way Rotation 367
Eighteen Different Liquid and Vacuum Pumps 369
viiTen Different Pump Designs Explained 373
Glossary of Pump Terms 376
Bearingless Motor-Generators Have Higher Speed and Longer Life 377
Energy Exchange in Seawater Desalination Boosts Efficiency 378
Two-Cycle Engine Improves Efficiency and Performance 380
CHAPTER 14 PACKAGING, CONVEYING, HANDLING, AND
SAFETY MECHANISMS AND MACHINES 381
Fifteen Devices That Sort, Feed, or Weigh 382
Seven Cutting Mechanisms 386
Two Flipping Mechanisms 388
One Vibrating Mechanism 388
Seven Basic Parts Selectors 389
Eleven Parts-Handling Mechanisms 390
Seven Automatic-Feed Mechanisms 392
Fifteen Conveyor Systems for Production Machines 395
Seven Traversing Mechanisms for Winding Machines 399
Vacuum Pickup for Positioning Pills 401
Machine Applies Labels from Stacks or Rollers 401
Twenty High-Speed Machines for Applying Adhesives 402
Twenty-Four Automatic Mechanisms for Stopping Unsafe Machines 408
Six Automatic Electrical Circuits for Stopping Textile Machines 414
Six Automatic Mechanisms for Assuring Safe Machine Operation 416
CHAPTER 15 TORQUE, SPEED, TENSION, AND LIMIT
CONTROL SYSTEMS 419
Applications of the Differential Winch to Control Systems 420
Six Ways to Prevent Reverse Rotation 422
Caliper Brakes Keep Paper Tension in Web Presses 423
Control System for Paper Cutting 423
Warning System Prevents Overloading of Boom 424
Lever System Monitors Cable Tension 424
Eight Torque-Limiters Protect Light-Duty Drives 425
Thirteen Limiters Prevent Overloading 426
Seven Ways to Limit Shaft Rotation 429
Mechanical Systems for Controlling Tension and Speed 431
Nine Drives for Controlling Tension 435
Limit Switches in Machinery 438
Nine Automatic Speed Governors 442
Eight Speed Control Devices for Mechanisms 444
Cable-Braking System Limits Descent Rate 445
CHAPTER 16 INSTRUMENTS AND CONTROLS: PNEUMATIC,
HYDRAULIC, ELECTRIC, AND ELECTRONIC 447
Twenty-Four Mechanisms Actuated by Pneumatic or Hydraulic Cylinders 448
Foot-Controlled Braking System 450
Fifteen Tasks for Pneumatic Power 450
Ten Applications for Metal Diaphragms and Capsules 452
Nine Differential Transformer Sensors 454
High-Speed Electronic Counters 456
Applications for Permanent Magnets 457
Nine Electrically Driven Hammers 460
Sixteen Thermostatic Instruments and Controls 462
Eight Temperature-Regulating Controls 466
Seven Photoelectric Controls 468
viiiLiquid Level Indicators and Controllers 470
Applications for Explosive-Cartridge Devices 472
Centrifugal, Pneumatic, Hydraulic, and Electric Governors 474
CHAPTER 17 3D DIGITAL PROTOTYPES AND SIMULATION 477
Introduction to 3D Digital Prototypes and Simulation 478
A Short History of Engineering Drawing 478
Transition from Board to Screen 479
CAD Product Features 480
3D Digital Prototypes vs. Rapid Prototyping 480
The Ongoing Role of 2D Drawings 480
Functions of Tools in 3D Digital Prototype Software 481
File Types for 3D Digital Prototypes 481
Computer-Aided Engineering (CAE) 482
Simulation Software 482
Simulated Stress Analysis 483
Glossary of Computer-Aided Design Terms 484
CHAPTER 18 RAPID PROTOTYPING 487
Rapid Prototyping Focuses on Building Functional Parts 488
Rapid Prototyping Steps 489
Commercial Rapid Prototyping Choices 490
Commercial Additive RP Processes 491
Subtractive and R&D Laboratory Processes 498
CHAPTER 19 NEW DIRECTIONS IN MECHANICAL
ENGINEERING 501
The Role of Microtechnology in Mechanical Engineering 502
Micromachines Open a New Frontier for Machine Design 504
Multilevel Fabrication Permits More Complex and Functional MEMS 508
Electron Microscopes: Key Tools in Micro- and Nanotechnology 509
Gallery of MEMS Electron-Microscope Images 512
MEMS Actuators—Thermal and Electrostatic 516
MEMS Chips Become Integrated Microcontrol Systems 517
Alternative Materials for Building MEMS 519
LIGA: An Alternative Method for Making Microminiature Parts 520
The Role of Nanotechnology in Science and Engineering 521
Carbon: An Engineering Material with a Future 523
Nanoactuators Based on Electrostatic Forces on Dielectrics 528
The Lunar Electric Rover: A New Concept for Moon Travel 530
INDEX 533
INDEXThis page intentionally left blank.535
Actuators:
centrifugal force, 263
hydraulic, 431–432
linear, 37
motor-based linear DC and AC, 37
precision direct drive (PLADD), 299
stepper-motor-based, 37
mechanical, 25
micromechanical, 518
nanoactuators, 528–529
piezoelectric, 62
rotary, 47, 288, 338, 431
bidirectional, solenoid type, 47
cartridge-operated, 338
shaft, air-spring, 288
tension and speed control, 433
Adjusters (5), 343–344
cam-motion, 343
double-cam, 343
eccentric pivot point, 344
linkage-motion, 343
piston-stroke, 344
shaft synchronizer, 344
three-dimensional, 343
valve-stroke, 343
Allotropes of carbon, 523
Amplifiers:
impulse, 423
mechanical power (7), 350–352
applications, 350
broaching, nonlinear, 351
capstan-type, 350
linear, 27
load positioning, 351
metering and counting, remote, 352
pulse-width modulated (PWM), 27
routing, irregular, 352
servomotor drivers, 27
tensile testing machine, 351
winch control, hydraulic, 351
windlass, 352
Arrangements:
belt drive, four different, 262
electric-eye and balancer, 385
electrical contact, 440
linear-motion changing (19),
339–342
linkage, 385
screw, special (7), 297
varying vibration amplitude, 385
weight-regulating, 385
Assemblies, cartridge, 472
Ball:
bearing, reciprocating, 337
bearing screws, 338
Ball (Cont.):
bushing, 337
cartridge, 336
curvilinear motion device, 337
reciprocating bearing, 336–337
slides, linear motion (9), 336–337
Bands:
spiral clutch, 217
spring, 217
Baseload, power generation, for, 75
Bearings:
air, 25
ball, 336–337
eccentric, 307
reciprocating, ball, 337
sleeve, 337
spherical, 339
Bellows, 26, 152
pressure sensing, 452, 464–465, 467
temperature sensing, 464–465
Belts, 14, 265–268, 275
bead chain, 256–257
cable-chain hybrid, 258
chains, with, different forms, 265–268
flat, 265
ladder chain, cable and plastic, 268
metal timing, NASA, 265
positive drive, 267
pulleys, with 14
slotted, 275
steel, 266–267
tensioning, 269
timing, 265–268
conventional, 265–268
hi-torque (HTD), 268
V-belt, 263, 265, 268
variable speed with chain (12), 262–264
Bolt, explosive, 472
Brake, braking:
automatic hoist, 246
band, 119–120
cable brakes limit decent, 445
caliper (disk) to keep tension, 423
clutch/combinations, 119–120,
214–216, 234–235, 423
clutch, double-coil duplex, 235
electromagnetic with clutches
reel, permanent magnet, 457
slip-clutch, 214, 235
springs, 216
system, foot-controlled, 450
variable-torque drag, 215–216
Broaching, nonlinear, 351
Bushing, ball, 337
Bushing, split, 319
Bushing, torsion, 118
Cable-braking system, 445
Cable cutter, 472
Cams, 14–17, 180–191
barrel, 183, 188, 190
barrel, increased stroke,
190–191
circular, 182
circular-arc, 185
classification of mechanisms, 15
comparisons with, 180
configurations, 15
conical, 16, 346
constant-diameter, 16
constant-velocity, 182
cut-out, 181
cycloidal curves, 184
cycloidal motion, 183–184
cycloids, generating, 184–185
cycloids, modified, 184
cylindrical, 16, 181
double-faced, 181
double-revolution, 190
dwell:
adjustable, 190–191
compensating for, 185–186
quick-acting, 190
eccentric, 166
electronic, 15
end, 16
floating, quick-acting, 190
followers, 14, 17
generating curves for, 182–184
glossary of terms, 17
groove, grooved, 16, 188
indexing, 190
jaws, in hydraulic cylinder, 251
kinematic equivalent, 14
locking, 193
lug, adjustable, 191
mechanisms, 14–17, 181–189
pivot-point, adjustable, 190
plate, increased-stroke, 198
rack, with, 181
radial open, 15
reciprocal, reciprocating, 188
roll, 400
roller position, adjustable, 191
rotating reciprocator, 194
simple harmonic, 183
sliding, 181,189
slot, 189
special-function (10), 190–191
steel ball, 189
swash-plate, 189
three-dimensional, 346
translating, 16
Editor’s notes:
1. The number in parentheses in some entries refers to the number of related topics on the listed page(s). For example, an entry Eccentric
cams (7) indicates seven related captioned figures.
2. Figures and captions in Chaps. 5 to 16 were obtained from many sources that did not uniformly apply words such as devices, drives,
mechanisms, and machines. Thus, there may be multiple entries for similar subjects.536
Capacitor, parallel plate, 528
Capstan, 5, 350
Capsules and diaphragms applications
(10), 452–453
diaphragms, with, 452–453
Carbon:
allotropes, 523
atom, 523
buckyball (See also fullerenes),
523–524
diamond, 527
fullerenes, 523–524
graphite, 523
graphene, 526
applications, 526, 527
production, 526
engineering material, 523–525
gasses, 523
dioxide (CO2), 74, 523
monoxide (CO), 523
nanotubes, 522–526
applications, 524–525
characteristics, 524
fabrication, 525
multiwalled (MWNT), 524
single-walled (SWNT), 524
Cartesian coordinate geometry, 54
Cells:
load, cantilever, 454
Peaucellier’s, 91
photo, 456
Center, lathe, 259
Chains:
bead, 267
belts with 262–263
double-roller, 264
drives (See Drives)
gears, with, 265–268
ladder, hybrid, 267–268
length changes, 269
parallel, 267
pinned, 267
positive, infinitely variable (PIV)
drive, 264
roller (10), 264, 270–276
applications for (12), 272–273
double, 264
single, 264
sprockets, with, 14
Chemical mechanical polishing (CMP),
508–517
Chucks, spring-loaded, 259
Clamp, clamping:
air spring, 288
center-support, 254
differential, 297
double, for spindle head, 253
friction (9), 253–254
hold-down, 281
magnetic, permanent, 458
methods for (12), 257–258
pedestal, 254
quick-acting, 251–252
right-angle, 254
slide, 253–254
specimen holder, 254
spring, 259
table, 254
turntable, 253
Clutches:
automatic, 220
backstopping, 227, 228
bidirectional and slip, 218
brake combinations, 214
cam, 222
cam and roller, 213
centrifugal, automatic, 220, 474
cone, 17, 212, 425
controlled-slip, 216
detent slip, 218
dog, one-way, 221
double-spring, 367, 368
driving, 228
dual-spring slip, 214–215
duplex, single- and double-coil, 235
eddy current, 234–235
electrostatic, 235
expanding-shoe centrifugal, 17–18, 213
external or internal control, 212–213
externally controlled positive, 17–18
fixed-field, 234
free-wheeling, 235
friction, 17, 18, 230
externally controlled, 17
multiple-disk, 230
plate, 17, 18, 230
hysteresis, 234–235
indexing, 227
internally controlled, 18
jaw, 17, 212
lawnmower, 221
magnetic, friction, 234–235
magnetic, particle-and-fluid, 235
magnetostrictive, 235
mechanical, basic, 212–213
mechanisms, 17–18
mercury-gland, 213
multidisk, multiple-disk, 224, 230
multistation, 232–233
one-way, 222
overload relief, 230
overriding, 223–224
overrunning (7), 18, 217, 221, 223–224
applications for (10), 225–226
pawl and ratchet 212, 229
single-cycle Dennis, 229
single-cycle, dual-control, 229
spiral bands improve, 217
planetary transmission, 212, 230
plate, 212, 429
roller, 166, 217, 221–222
rotating-field, 234
shifting mechanism for, 161–162
sliding-key, 212
slip, 214–216, 218, 235
small, for precise service, 229–230
speed ratio change with gears, 159
sprag applications, 227–228
sprags, use of, 217, 221–222
spring, 214–216, 367
applications, 215–216
bands, 217
basic, 367
brake combinations, 214
dual, 214–215
slip, 221
stepped, 215
wrapped, 18, 213–216
Clutches (Cont.):
spring and ball radial detent,
18, 213
station, one or two (12), 231–233
trip, 227, 228
wedging ball or roller, 221
external, 221
internal, 221
Compensator, expansion, 453
Components for electronic systems,
26
Computer-aided design (CAD), 478–480
digital prototype files types, 481–482
assembly, 481–482
drawing, 482
part, 481
presentation, 482
software, simulation, 482–483
digital prototypes, 3D, 478–483
glossary of terms, 484–485
parametric modeling, 481
role of 2D drawing, 481–482
applications for 481–482
transition, board to screen, 479
Computer-aided engineering (CAE), 482
Computer-aided simulation, 482–483
digital vs. rapid prototype, 498
Concentrating Solar Thermal (CST)
plants, 78–84
Connections:
fastening, hubs to shafts (14), 318–319
polygon shapes, 320–321
splined (10), 304–306, 316–317,
318
Controls (See also Motion control):
automatic weighing and filling, 468
bimetallic-actuated, air piloted, 466
carburetor, 463
carton sorting, 468
closed-loop:
systems, 22–24
techniques, 24
hydraulic winch, 351
inspection, automatic, photoelectric,
469
motion, kinds of, 24
open-loop systems, 24
paper-cutting, 423
photoelectric (7), 394, 410, 468–469
position-loop, 22
refrigerator, 465
room-temperature, heavy-duty,
465
snap-action, disk-type, enclosed,
466
speed for mechanisms (8), 444
temperature-regulating (8), 466–467
tension, 433, 435–437, 455
speed and, 431–434
thermostat, 468
thermostatic, 462–465
instruments, with, 462–465
relay, time-delay, 463
torque-loop, 22
velocity (speed) loop, 22
Controllers:
actuators with, 431–434
differential, 434
float-switch, 470537
Controllers (Cont.):
indicators, with, 470–471
level, liquid, 470–471
electrical level, 470
liquid, 470
magnetic, 471
switch-actuated, 471
motion (See Motion control)
programmable logic (PLC), 22
Control systems, mechanical, 431–434
applications, differential winches,
420–421
hydraulic for control, 421
indicators, pressure and
temperature, 421
cable tension monitor, lever system, 424
paper cutting, 423
paper tension in web presses, 423
reverse rotation prevention (6), 422
tension and speed, 431–434
controllers and actuators, 431
differential, 434
dimension, 433
indicators, 431
floating rolls, 433
primary, 431
secondary, 431–434
on-and-off, 431
proportioning, 431
proportioning-throttling, 432
warning, boom overload, 424
winch, differential, 420
Conversion (converters):
Constantino torque, 364
rotary-to-linear motion, 137, 266–267,
338
rotary-to-oscillatory, 266–267
Conveyors, 227, 275, 395–398, 402, 469
light-duty trolley, 275
Coordinate system, six-degree of freedom,
22
Counters, 403, 456
electronic, high-speed, 456
magazine, 456
pulse, 456
Couplings:
bellows, 26
Bendix-Weiss, 310
bent-pin, 110
Bossler, design of, 305–307
constant-velocity joint, 309–310
crossed-axis yoke, 302
disk-and link, for torque transmission,
304
flexible shaft, 310
four-bar, 187
geared, 302
grooved-sphere joint, 309
Hooke’s joint, 305, 309
light-duty, 310
links and disks for offset shafts,
303–304
magnetic fluid in, 428
off-center pins connect shafts, 307
Oldham, 302
parallel crank, 315
parallel link, 104, 218, 303
parallelgram, 304
pin and link (5), 315
Couplings (Cont.):
pin-and-slot, 315
pinned-sleeve shaft, 309
pinned-sphere shaft, 309
power transmission, 118
pump-type, 304, 310
rotating shafts, methods for (19),
311–314
Rzeppa, 310
Schmidt, 303–304
shafts, for (4), 302
slip-spring, 221
space-frames, interlocking, 305–307
square-plate, 306
three-plate rectangular, 306
universal joints, 302, 308
universal shaft (10), 309
Cranks:
double parallel, 167
fixed, 167
input, 167–168
nonparallel, 167
output, 167–168
reciprocating-space, 329
slide, 3D, 113
space, 114–115
spherical, 111
Cutters, 472
cable, 472
pipe, 472
Dashpot, oil, 463
Desalination of sea water, 378
energy recovery device, 378–379
pressure exchange unit (PSU), 378–379
reverse osmosis (SWRO), 378
Detector, jam, 469
Detents, 255–256
adjustable, 255
axial positioning, 256
coil spring loaded, 255–256
conical/wedge ended, 255
leaf spring, 255
magnetic, 256
notched, 255
positive, 255–256
radial arranged, 256
roller, 256
stopping movement for, 255–256
roller, 256
Devices:
adjusting, spring and screw (14), 298
anti-backlash, 226
arrangements, weight-regulating, 385
electric-eye and balancer, 385
linkage, 385
vibration amplitude variation, 385
chain, lifting, 273
clamping, 253, 257–258
cushioning, 281
cutoff and transfer, 391
explosive-cartridge, applications for,
472
feeding, simple, 383–384
mixing, 384
parts, fixed number, 383
pausing, 384
separating, one-by-one, 384
gauging and callipering, 455
Devices (Cont.):
geared cocking, 239
latch, toggle and trigger (16), 238–239
orienting, 382–383
cone-shaped parts, 382
dish-like parts, 382
pointed-end parts, 382
short, tubular parts, 382
stepped-disk parts, 383
U-shaped parts, 383
rack-and-pinion, 272
rotary-to-reciprocating, 293
rotation-to-translation, 293
Scotch-yoke, 183
screw (20), 293
snap-action, 242–243
sort, feed, or weigh (15), 382–384
sorting, 384–385
balls by size, 384
by height, 385
speed control, for mechanisms (8), 444
tilting, 189
time-delay switching, 338
toggle, 238–239
translation-to-rotation, 338
Diaphragms:
capsules, applications (10), 452–453
Differentiator, 349
Differentials, 162, 346
bevel-gear, 346
rotating-link, 346
sliding-link, 346
spiderless, 162
Digital prototypes and simulation, 3D,
478–483
advantages of 3D solid modeling,
478, 483
CAD, 478–480
CAD/CAE, nine step process, 478, 483
CAD product features, 480
computer-aided engineering, (CAE),
482
digital vs. rapid prototyping, 498
file types for, 481–482
finite element method (FEM), 478,484
functions of tools in, 481
glossary of CAD terms, 484–485
history, engineering drawing, 478–479
parametric modeling, 481
role of 2D drawings, 481–482
simulation software, 482, 483
transition, board to screen, 479
Direct Metal Deposition (DMD) (See
Rapid prototyping)
Direct Shell Product Casting (DSPC)
(See Rapid prototyping)
Directed-Light Fabrication (DLF)
(See Rapid prototyping)
Direction changes, straight-line, 339–342
Disconnector, quick, 473
Driller, parallel-link, 104
Drives (drivers):
adjustable, 355
cone, 353
disk, double and single, 355
harmonic, 140
angle-doubling, 105
ball, reciprocating, 368
ballscrew, 25538
Drives (drivers) (Cont.):
bearings and roller, 329
belt, 262
belt-and-chain, variable-speed (12),
262, 264
bevel gear, 166
chain, 106, 264, 266–267, 276–277
double-roller, 264
ladder, differential, 267
reducing pulsations, for (6), 276–277
single-roller, 264
clutch, 166, 367–368
basic spring, 367
double, 368
double-shift, 159, 367
double spring, 368
roller, 166
combination, coupling, slide gear, 159
CMOS circuitry, 517
cone 353–354, 358
adjustable, 353
ball and, 358
belt, 353
electrically coupled, 353
Graham, 354
planetary, 354
ring and cone, 354
two-cone, 353
controlled output escapement, 194
controlling tension, for (9), 435–437
conversion, oscillate-to-rotate (4),
367–368
basic spring, 367
double-spring clutch, one-way,
367–368
full-wave rectifier, 367–368
reciprocating-ball,
shuttle pinion, 367–368
crank slide, 3D, 113
curve-slider, 333
cycloid, (epicycloid):
equations for, 171–172
reciprocator, 140
differential, controlled, 143
differentials, for controlling tension,
435
fixed, 148
robot, for, 64
disk, 329, 355, 361–362, 365
adjustable, 355
clutch, 159
cone, spherical, 366
curved, 361
drum and roller, 366
spring-loaded, 355
planetary, 355
roller, 329, 365
split pulleys, 366
two, 365–366
double, with six-sided Maltese cross,
327
double eccentric, 146, 187
double-shift, 159
double-spring clutch, 367–368
electrical, controlling tension 435–436
electrostatic charges, 505
elliptical motion, 140
epicycloids reciprocator, 140
flowmeter, drive, 459
Drives (drivers) (Cont.):
friction, variable-speed (10), 365–366
full-wave rectification, 367–368
gear:
compound spur-bevel, 151
coupling and slide, 149
gear oscillating, 333
geneva (20), 192–197
controlled-output escapement, 194
dual track, 193
external, 195
four-bar, 192
groove-cam, 192
intermittent counter, 195
internal, 138, 195
internal groove, 193
locking-arm, 192
locking-slide, 192
long-dwell, 138, 193
modified (6), 193, 196–197
parallel guidance, 194
planetary gear, 192
progressive oscillating, 194
rapid transfer, 193
rotating-cam, 194
sinusoidal reciprocator, 194
spherical, 195
twin, 192
Graham, 354
harmonic, 140
adjustable, 140
triple, 333
Hooke’s joint, skewed, 112
hydraulic, 436
impulse, 360
Morse, 360
variable-stroke, 360
zero-max, 360
leadscrew, 25
lever and cam, 101
light-duty, 425–426
low-torque, 284–295
lubricator, Torrington, 363
mechanical, 435
microchain, 515
missile silo cover, 146
multiple disk, 359
ball-and-disk, 359
oil-coated, 359
Sellers’, 361
multiple ratio, 160
multiplier, 103–104
multiplier, force and stroke, 105, 106
offset, 342
one-way rotation, 367–368
oscillating (oscillator):
chain, 330
crank and planetary, 330
gear crank, 333
motion to one-way rotation (4),
367–368
progressive, 194
spherical-slide oscillator, 112
parallel-cable, 267–288
planet, planetary:
coupled, 147
simple with inversions, 149
triple, 150
two-gear, 152
Drives (drivers) (Cont.):
planocentric, 152
rack, 106
sector, 105
shuttle, 368
slider crank, 333
ratchet, modified, 208
ratios, four, six, and eight, 160
tooth, speed change, 208
reciprocating-ball, 368
reciprocating-table, 103
rectifier/rectification, full wave,
367–368
ring, 356
ring, double 356
ring with pulley, with, 356
rod, 99
sheave, 263
ball-controlled, 263
cam-controlled, 263
spring-loaded, 263
shift, double, 159
shuttle pinion, 367–368
six-bar dwell, 331
slide-elliptical, 115
slide-key, 159
slide oscillator, 112
sliding-change, 159
soft-start, hinged and torsion
bushings, 118
space crank, 114
speed-change, ratchet-tooth, 208
sphere, spherical, 357–358
ball and cone, 358
crank, 111
disk with, 357
double- 357
roller with. 357
slide oscillator, 112
tilting-ball, 358
spring clutch, 367–368
swivel gear, 159
tape, 215
tension-controlling (9), 435–437
electrical, 435–436
hydraulic, 436–437
mechanical, 435
three-dimensional linkage (7), 111–115
crank-slide, 3D, 113
elliptical slide, 115
Hooke’s joint, 112, 309
space crank, 114
spherical crank, 111
spherical-slide oscillator, 112
variations, 115
universal joint, 113
three-gear, 331
toggle and cord, 102
toggle puncher, double, 106
torque, low (7), 284–285
Torrington lubricator, 349
tractor, Ford, 151
transmissions, 362–364
triple, shaft, 160
triple harmonic, 333
turbine, Lycoming, 151
twinworm gear, 163
typewriter, 106
unidirectional, 13539
Drives (drivers) (Cont.):
universal, joint, 113
valve, 142
variable-speed, and transmissions (43),
353–364
cone, 353–354
disk, 355
impulse, 360
multiple disk, 359
ring, 356
spherical, 357–358
variations, 361
variable-stroke, 360
wheel and slider, 333
Whitworth quick-return, 9, 333
wobble-gear, 152
worm, 25, 327
zero-max, 360
Electric power generation:
hydro, 74
nuclear, 74–75
ocean wave, 84
photovoltaic (PV), 5
tidal, 84
solar thermal (CST), 78
wind turbine, 76
(See Renewable energy power
generation)
Electrical circuits, stopping textile
machines (6), 414–415
Electromagnetic force, 506
Electromagnets, 32, 45–47, 461
Electron microscopes (See Microscopes,
electron)
Electrostatic, 528
Encoders (See Sensors)
End-effector (See Robots, stationary and
mobile)
Energy exchange in seawater
desalination, 378–379
Engine, internal combustion, 2
Engine, two-cycle, 380
Engine Stirling solar generator, 81–83
how it works, 82–83
Epicycloid, cycloid, 138–140
Epitaxy, 506
Escapement, 194, 327
cam-operated, 327
controlled output, 194
electric meter, 327
ratchet-gear, 327
solenoid-operated, ratchet, 327
Fastener, toggle, 245
Fastening hubs to shafts (14), 318–319
Feeders (feeds):
automatic feed mechanisms (7),
392–394
barrel hopper, 389
electronic components, 390
gravity for rods, 390
headed rivets, 390
label, 390
long cylinder, 389
paddle wheel, 389
parallel-link, 104
rapid and slow, screw, 297
reciprocating, 389
Feeders (feeds) (Cont.):
rods, 390
rotary center blade, 389
rotary screw, 389
Filter, permanent magnet, 458
Fingers, holding, 430
Fingers, pinned limiting, 430
Fingers, shaft stopping, 430
Fingers two, rotation prevention, 430
Finite element analysis (FEA), 478, 484
Finite element method (FEM), 478, 484
Fixtures, holding, 259
cupped, 259
nest, spring-loaded, 259
Flat mirror tower solar thermal plants
(See Concentrating solar thermal
(CST) systems)
Flowmeter, 455
Fuel mix, U.S. electric generation, 74
Functional generators, 346–347
Fused deposition modeling (FDM)
(See Rapid prototyping)
Gages, 101–102, 424, 453–454
float, direct-reading, 471
moving wire thickness, 455
pressure, 101–102, 453–454
absolute, 453
Bourdon, 453
differential, 453
strain, 424
Gears (gearing):
bevel, 11–12, 157, 163, 166, 399
design, of with hypoid, 164
Humpage’s, 149
spiral, 12, 164
spur, 151
straddle-design of, 164
Cardan, 141–142
mechanisms (5), 141–142
circular, 133
classification, 11–12
compound trains, 11
computer-aided emulation of, 24
configurations 12–13
cycloid mechanisms (11), 136,
138–140, 171–172
designing, 171–172
definition, 10
differential, drives, 134, 143
eccentric, 152, 156
elliptical, 153–156
external, 11
face, 12,
five bar mechanisms, 167–170
flexible, face, 144
gears and gearing, 10–13
geometry, tooth, 13
glossary of terms, 13
helical, 12, 163, 331, 367
herringbone, 12
hypocycloid curves, 138
hypoid, 12, 164
design of, with bevel, 164
idler, rolling, 166, 221
index, 132
indexing with eccentric disk, 132–133
internal/annual, 11, 12
logarithmic spiral, 153
Gears (gearing) (Cont.):
noncircular, 133–135, 153–156
characteristics of systems, 156
nonflexing, 144
pinions, 11–12, 157, 162
rack-and-pinion, 11, 12, 340
sheet-metal, 157–158
planet (planetary), 12, 132–139, 142,
145, 147, 150, 152, 167–168,
171–174, 176, 180, 435,
odd-shaped, 133
twin-motor, safety and dual-speed,
137
practical configurations, 12–13
quick indexing, with eccentric disk,
132
rack, 11–12, 161–163
rack-and-pinion, 12, 272, 340
ratio, 10, 13, 430
ring, 132, 136–137, 145, 147–148, 152,
162, 172, 176–177, 435
rolling, 172–173
rotary sequencer, 145
rotary-to-linear, conversion by,
137
sheet-metal, 157–158
simple trains, 11
sine function, 156
speed ratios, change (13), 159–160
speed reducers, 166
spiral, logarithmic, 156
spur, 11, 12, 121, 151, 228
spur, eccentric, 154
square, 154
sun, 132, 134, 137, 140, 152, 167–169,
171–173, 180
tooth geometry, 11
trains, 11
traveling, 166
twinworm, 163
types, eight common, 12
unidirectional drive, 13
velocity ratio, 10–11
wobble drive, 152
worm, 12, 136, 143, 157–158,
163, 165
Generators:
DC, 435
function, 108, 346–347
Geneva:
coupler-driven, 187
double with differentials, 186
drives (26), 138, 192–197
dual-track drive, 193
eight slot, 199
eight-station, 186
external wheel, 198
basic outline drawing, 198
charts for angular:
acceleration, 199
position, 199
velocity, 199
five-slot, 192
formulas for, 192
four-bar drive, 184
four-slot, 192–194 196–197, 199, 201
groove-cam drive, 192
intermittent counter drive, 195
internal drive, 195540
Geneva (Cont.):
internal-groove drive, 193
internal wheel, 201–204
kinematics for, external 190–200
kinematics of internal wheels, 201–204
basic outline, 201
charts for angular:
acceleration, 203,
displacement, 202
formulas for, 203
velocity, 203
locking arm drive, 192
locking slide drive, 192
long-dwell drive, 193
modified drives (7), 193, 196–197
planetary-gear drive, 192
rapid-transfer drive, 193
six-slot internal, 198, 202
slot-crank internal motion, 200
spherical, 195
twin drive, 192
wheel(s) (9), 198–204
Governors, 442–443, 474–475
acceleration, 474
automatic speed (9), 442–443
auxiliary piston, 442
centrifugal, 474
clutch, 474
constant-volume, 443
contacts, 474
differential, 474
electric, 475
pulse counter, 475
tachometers, AC and DC, 475
force-compensated, 442
hit-and-miss, 442
hydraulic, 475
pneumatic, 474–475
pressure-actuated, 443
typical, 444
valve, 474
varying differential, 443
velocity-type, 443, 475
cantilever, 443
coil spring, 443
Grapple, automatic, 245
Greenhouse gas, 74
carbon dioxide (CO2), 74
methane (CH4), 74
nitrous oxide (N2O), 74
sulfur dioxide (SO2), 74
Gripper, leaf-spring, 259
Guides, 25, 340
air-bearing, 25
ballscrew-driven, single-axis, 25
hydrostatic, 25
inclined bearing, 340
Hammers, electrically driven (9),
460–461
Hammers, spring-operated, 460, 461
Holding fixtures, 259
Hook release, emergency, 473
Hydraulics:
control system, 421, 436
controller, 432
cylinders, 109, 250
drives, 436–437
fluid, 421
Hydraulics (Cont.):
governor(s), 475
motors, 436–437
pumps, feed, 408
receiver, 421
sender, 421
sensors, 475
switch, pressure, 450
transducer, pressure, 424
valves, 408
winch control, 351
Hypocycloid, gear curves, 138
Idler, rolling, 166
Inclined plane, 3
Indexing (indexers):
flat-spring, 281
intermittent, 326
quick, gears and eccentric disk, 132
smooth, timing belt and linkage,
324–325
star wheel, 205–207
Indicators:
automotive, liquid level, 470
bellows-actuated, 470
bimetallic, 471
diaphragm-actuated, 470
liquid-level, automotive, 470
motion, 431
power, 431
pressure gage, 432, 471
primary, 431–432
secondary, 431–432
temperature, 421, 431–432, 462
Inductosyns (See Sensors)
Instruments and controls:
recording and controlling, 467
thermostatic (16), 462–465
Integrated circuits, CMOS, 518–519
Integrators, mechanical, 349
Jack, screw-type, 4
Jaws, cam-locked, 250
Joints:
ball, 218
ball-and-socket, 308
Bendix-Weiss, 310
cam, 107–108
constant-velocity, 309–310
cylinder, 110
cylinder-plane, 110
grooved-sphere, 309
helix, 110
Hooke’s, skewed, 112, 309–310
plane, 110
prism, 110
revolute, 110
robots, industrial, 52–54
rotary, 107–108
Rzeppa, 308, 310
sliding, 107–108
sphere, 110
groove, 110
plane, 110
slotted, 110
torus, 110
torus-helix, 110
universal, 113, 302, 308
constant-speed, 308
Key, feather, 318
Key, mechanical, 427
Key, retracting, 427
Kinematics:
external geneva wheel, 198–200
internal geneva wheel, 201–204
joint pairs, 110
Knee-joint tester, 121
Laminated-Object Manufacturing (LOM)
(See Rapid prototyping)
Lasers, 26, 43–44, 490–492, 494–496
carbon dioxide infrared (IR), 491–492,
496
interferometer, for closed-loop
feedback, 26, 43–44
neodymium YAG, 495
ultraviolet (UV), 489, 491
Latches, 490–491, 492
cam-guided, 238
cocking with lever for, 239–240
door, 457
eccentric, 422
geared cocking, 239
locking, 116
operating sequence, 242
overcenter lock, 239
perpendicular-force, 247–248
remotely controlled, 244–245
rim, on the, 422
SMA actuated, release, 249
spring-loaded, cocking, 239
sleeve, 239
Levers:
action, 4
classes, 4
mechanisms, 4
slotted, 339
spherical, 339
spring-loaded, 339
LIGA process (techniques), 519–520
Limiters, prevent overloading (13),
426–428
cammed sleeve connects, 427
cylinder, cut, 427
disengaging gears, 427
friction-clutch torque, 426
fluid coupling, 428
magnetic fluid coupler, 428
mechanical keys, 427
piezoelectric crystal, 428
retracting key, 427
shearing, 428
shear pin, 426,
spring plunger, 428
steel shot, 428
Limiters, shaft rotation (7), 429–430
clutch plates, 429
gear ratio, large, 430
pin-finger engagement, 429
pinned fingers, 430
shaft finger, 430
traveling nut, 429
two fingers, 430
Limiters, torque, protect drives (8), 425–426
cone clutch, 425
flexible belt, 425
friction disks, 426
permanent magnets, 425541
Limiters, torque, protect drives (Cont.):
ring, 426
rollers hold arms, 425
sliding wedges, 426
springs, 425
Linear Fresnel reflector solar thermal plants
(See Renewable power plants)
Linear guides (See Guides)
Linear motion, arrangements for
changing (19), 339–341
Linear resonator, 505
Linear variable differential transformers
(LVDTs) (See Sensors)
Linkage, links:
accelerating/decelerating linear motions,
for (9), 99–100
articulating, 118
band clutches and brakes, for (8),
119–120
basic, 6
bell-crank, 6
closed-loop, 60
crank and rocker, design of, 6, 7, 90,
121–123
D-curve, 98
D-drive, 96
defined, 5, 6
different motions (4), 98
differential, variations of (18), 107–108
door-check, 117
double parallel crank, 90
double-rocker, 6, 7
drag-link, 6, 91
eight-bar, 103
synthesis of, 127
elliptical gear, 91
expanding and contracting (6), 97
force and stroke multiplier (9), 105
four-bar, 6, 90–91, 96, 107, 111,
117, 121
design for angular motion, 124–125
fundamentals of, 5–8
multibar for curvilinear 125–127
Robert’s law design of, 128
screw device, 293
sliding member with, 90
typical applications, 89–91
high mechanical advantage, 116
high velocity ratio, 117
hinged, 118
isosceles, drag, 90
linear force airspring, 288
linear motions, accelerating
decelerating (9), 99–100
linkages, fundamental, 5–8
multibar for curvilinear motions,
125–127
multiplier, stroke (7), 103
multiplying short motions, for (12),
101–102
nonparallel equal crank, 90
offset shaft coupling, 303
pantograph, 91
parallel (4), 103
parallel coupling, 104
parallel driller, 104
parallel feeder, 104
parallel-motion, 6,
parallel plate driver, 104
Linkage, links (Cont.):
parallelogram, 104
planar, simple, 5, 6
push-pull, 6
reciprocating linear force, air spring,
288
reverse-motion, 6
rotary force, air spring, 288
rotary-to-linear, 8
rotating crank, 91
sacrificing, 243
specialized, 6
spring-type, 292
straight-line for motion generation (5),
7–8, 95–96
Evans, 95
Peaucellier’s cell, 7, 91, 96
Robert’s, 91
Scott-Russell, 7
Tchebicheff’s, 91
Watt’s, 6, 90–95
straight sliding, 91
three-dimensional (7), 111
toggle, different applications (13),
116–117
transport mechanisms for (7), 92–94
trapezoidal, 90
treadle drive, 91
variable mechanical advantage, 117
Load cell, cantilever, 454
Lock pin, quick-release, 246
Lunar Electric Rover (LER), 530–531
leading specifications, 531
Machines:
adhesive applications (20), 402–407
automatic shear, 415
coil-winding, 434
cutoff, 447
efficiency of, 2, 19
folder or yarder, 415
label application, 401
loom, 415
production, 395
riveting, 116–117
routing, irregular, 353
stone-crushing, 116
tensile testing, 351
vacuum pickup, pill position, 401
velocity ratio, 3
winding, 399–400
Magnets, magnetic:
alnico, 30
ceramic, 30
clutches, 235
detent, 257
devices, 457–459
neodymium, rare earth, 30, 34, 68
permanent (PM), 26, 457–459
permanent (PM), applications for,
457–459
Mechanical:
advantage, 2, 19
engineering, new directions in,
502–532
glossary of common terms, 18–20
Mechanisms:
actuated by pneumatic or hydraulic
cylinders (24), 448–449
Mechanisms (Cont.):
adjustable output (adjuster) (5),
343–344
cam-motion, 343
double cam, 343
eccentric pivot point, 344
linkage-motion, 343
piston stroke, 344
shaft synchronizer, 344
three-dimensional, 343
valve stroke, 343
agitator, 113
automatic (operation):
assuring safe machine operation (6),
416–417
feed (7), 392–394
stopping by electrical circuits
textile machines (6), 414–415
stopping by unsafe machines (24),
408–413
ballscrew slide, 23
belt on pulley, 14
basics of, 2–20
cam mechanisms, 14–17, 181–189
automatic feed, 188
barrel, 188
circular grove, 162
constant-speed, 188
constant velocity, 182
continuous rotary motion, 189
cut-out, 181, 189
cycloidal motion, 183–184
different, 15, 188–189
double eccentric, 188
double-faced, 181
firing-pin, 239
function generator, 108
follower motion, fast cam, 332
glossary of terms, 17
groove and oval, 189
indexing, 188
mixing roller, 188
motion adjusters, 343–344
planetary, 180
simple-harmonic, 183
sliding, 181, 189
slot, 189
steel-ball, 189
stroke, amplifying (5), 181
stroke, multiplying, 181
swash-plate, 189
rack with cam, 180
tilting device, 189
Cardan-gear (5), 141–142
Scotch yoke, with, 141
valve drive, 142
chain:
oscillating, 316
slider and, 316
clutch, 17–18
computing, mechanical, 10,
346–349
differentiators, 349
integrators, 349
resolvers, 347
counting (counter), 423
coupler (coupling):
four-bar, 187
geneva-driven, 187542
Mechanisms (Cont.):
crank:
double-parallel, 90
gear, oscillating, 333
gear slider, 333
nonparallel equal, 90–91
reciprocating space, 315
rocker, 6
rotating, 91
crank-rocker, 121–123
four-bar, design of, 121–123
curve-generating, 182–187
curve-scribing, 104
cutting (cutter) (7), 386–387
clamping and, 386
curved-motion, 387
four-bar, 386
parallel cutter, 386
slicing, 387
vertical motion, 387
web, 386–387
cycloid, (cycloidal) (11), 126, 138–140,
171–173
curves, family of, 138
epicycloid, 138–140
equations, design of geared, 171–173
gear, 126, 136–140
generating, curves for, 182–187
hypocycloid, 138–140
parallelogram, 139
rocker, 139
reciprocator, 140
short-dwell rotary, 139
differential:
bevel-gear, 346
planetary-gear, 107
rotating-link, 346
sliding-link, 346
spiderless, 162
differentiator, 349
double:
drag-link, 6
lever, 91
parallel crank, 90
rocker, 6
dough-kneading, 112
drag-link, 6
drive:
bearing-and-roller, 329
chain-oscillating, 330
chain-slider, 330
curve-slider, 333
disk-and-roller, 329
elliptical-motion drive, 140
oscillating crank and planetary, 330
three-gear, 331
triple harmonic, 333
wheel-and-slider, 333
Whitworth quick-return, 333
worm, 327
dwell:
cam-helical, 331
cam-roller, 331
cam-worm, 330
double, 138
double-crank, 331
epicyclic, 330
intermittent, 332
long, 330–332
Mechanisms, dwell (Cont.):
short, 333
rotary, short, 139
six-bar, 331
efficiency of, 2
epicycloid reciprocator, 140
escapement, electric meter, 327
fast-cam follower motion, 332
feeder, 125
firing-pin, 239
five-bar, design of, 167–170
four-bar space, 109
flipping (2), 388
turnover, 388
upside-down flipper, 388
friction for intermittent rotary motion (5),
334–335
gear, geared:
bevel, 399
Cardan, 141–142
five-bar, design of, 167–170
Jensen’s ring and slider, 176
ring and slider, 176
slider, 174–177
gear-slider:
design curves and equations, 174–177
modified, 176
generator, function, 108, 346–347
geneva:
internal-drive, 138
long-dwell, 138
wheel escapement, 9
glossary of common terms, 8–10
guidance, parallel drive, 194
hammer, electrically driven (9),
460–461
harmonic drive, adjustable, 140
hydraulic cylinder actuated, 448–449
indexing, 324–325
indexing and intermittent (10),
326–327
intermittent-motion, 133
intermittent, “mutilated tooth,” 340
lever, 4
levers, double, 91
lift-tong, 367
linkage, 2
four-bar, 90, 91
transport mechanisms (7), 92–94
long-dwell, 330–331
mechanical computing, 346–347
motors, spring, 286–287
oscillating:
chain, 328, 330
crank and planetary drive, 330
over-centering, 241
override, 284–285
parallel guidance, 19
parallel-link (4), 103
parallelogram, cycloidal, 139
parts-handling (11), 390–391
pericycloid, 38
pin-and-disk, 334
pin-and-disk, sliding, 336
pivot, 289
planetary gear, special, 12
pneumatic-cylinder actuated, 448–449
press, toggle, 117
pressure release, 458
Mechanisms (Cont.):
pulsation reducing in chain drives, for,
276–277
quick-release, 248
positive locking, 248
quick-return, 9
swing-arm, 9
Whitworth’s, 9
rack-and-gear sector, 328
rack-and-pinion, robot gripper, 55
ratchet wheel, 10, 327
cam-driven, 327
solenoid operated, 327
reciprocator, 140, 194
cycloidal, 140
epicycloidal, 140
linear, 329
rotating-cam, 194
sinusoidal, 194
renewable power generation, 74–85
reversing, different (4), 345
automatic switching, 345
double-link, 345
modified Watt’s, 345
pivot switching, 345
toggle-link, 345
ring-gear and slider, Jenson’s, 176
rocker arm and disk, 335
rotary, cycloidal short-dwell, 139
rotary-to-linear, 8
rotary-to-linear, gears, 137
rotary-to-reciprocating motion and
dwell (27), 328–333
bearing and roller drive, 329
cam-helical dwell, 331
cam-roller dwell, 331
cam-worm dwell, 330
chain and slider drive, 330
chain-slider drive, 330
curve-slider drive, 333,
disk and roller drive, 329
double-crank dwell, 331
double-dwell, 138
epicyclic dwell, 330
fast cam follower motion, 332
four-bar slider, 328
gear oscillating crank, 333
gear-slider crank, 333
intermittent motion, 332
linear reciprocator, 329
long dwell, 330–332
drive, 138
oscillating crank and planetary drive,
330
oscillator-chain, 328
six-bar dwell, 331
rack and gear sector, 328
reciprocating space crank, 329
short-dwell, 333
three-gear drive, 331
three-gear stroke multiplier, 328
triple-harmonic drive, 333
wheel and slider drive, 333
Whitworth quick-return drive, 333
rotating crank, 81
Scotch-yoke, 8, 347
screw, applications (10), 296–297
double-handed, 93
jack, 4543
Mechanisms (Cont.):
sector, rack and gear, 328
Sellers’ disks, 361
shifting, gear and clutch, 161–162
short-dwell, 333
slicing, 387
slide (slider):
ballscrew-driven, 23, 26
four-bar, 328
slider crank, design of, 8, 139
sliding pin and disk, 335
space, four bar, 109–110
specialized, 9–10
spring (7), 284–285
overriding, for low-torque drives,
284–285
two-directional, limited travel
override, 284
two-directional override, 284
two-directional 90° override, 285
unidirectional override, 284, 285
unidirectional 90° override, 285
unidirectional override, 284
stopping unsafe machines, automatic,
240
straight-line generators:
Peaucellier’s, 7, 91
Roberts’, 91
Scott-Russell, 7
Tchebicheff’s, 8, 91
Watt’s, 7, 90
stroke-amplifying, 181
stroke-multiplying, 181
swing-arm quick-return, 9
three-dimensional, (3D) adjuster, 343
three-gear drive, 331
three-gear stroke multiplier, 328
toggle, link and disk, 335
toggle, press, 117
toggle, quick-release, 240
transport mechanisms, 92–94
traversing, for winding machines (7),
399–400
triple pivot, 103
turnover, 388
upside-down flipper, 388
vibrating (1), 388
web cutting, 367
wedge and disk, 334
Whitworth’s quick-return, 9, 333
MEMS (microelectromechanical systems),
502–503
acceleration sensors, 505
CMOS integration, 517
comb-drive actuator, 514
digital light processing chip (DLP),
503
digital micromirror device (DMD),
502–503
electrostatic forces in, 506
electron microscope images gallery,
512–515, 518
gear-reduction unit (drive), 515
gyroscope, 75, 502
images, gallery of, 512–515
inertial measurement systems,
three-axis, 518
linear resonator, 505
machine design in, 502–503
MEMS (microelectromechanical systems)
(Cont.):
materials for, 505–506
alternate for, 519
piezoelectric films, 506–507
polysilicon, 512
tungsten interconnects, 518
microaccelerometers, 502, 504–505, 518
microactuators, 504–505, 515–516, 518
comb drives, 513–514, 518
electrostatic, 516
parallel plate, 516
thermal, V-shaped, 516
thermal ratcheting, 516
torsional ratcheting (TRA), 516
microcontrol systems, 517
microconverters, torque, 513
microchain, drive, 515
microchain link and sprocket, 515
microengine, steam, 515
microfluidics, 519, 522
micrographs, 512–516, 518
micromechanical actuators, 504, 518
micromirror device, digital, 503–503, 517
micromotors, 502–507, 512,
514–515, 529
rotary, 514
stepping, wedge, 512
microoscillator, dual mass, 513
micropumps, 504
microresonator, linear, 505
microstereolithography, 519
microtransducer, piezoelectric, 506–507
microtransmissions, 502–503, 514
gear reduction units, 514
microvalves, 504
multilevel fabrication of, 512
oscillator, dual-mass, 513
piezoelectric film, 506–507
processes (See Micromachining of
MEMS)
research and development, 517
resonators, 502
three-axis inertial system, 518
torque converter, 513
Microaccelerometers (See MEMS)
Microactuators (See MEMS)
Microcontrol systems (See MEMS)
Microelectromechanical systems
(See MEMS)
Micrographs (SEM), (See MEMS)
Micromachine power, 506
Micromachining (fabrication) of MEMS,
479–480
bulk, micromachining, 507
chemical-mechanical polishing (CMP),
508, 517
IMEMS technology, 517
iMEMS technology, 502
LIGA, 519–520
SUMMiT/SUMMiT V technology, 512
surface micromachining, 507
Microminiature systems (See MEMS)
Microscopes, electron, 509–511
atomic force (AFM), 510–511
charge-coupled device (CCD) camera,
509
piezoelectric (PZT) scanner, 511
raster scanning, 509
Microscopes, electron (Cont.):
scanning electron (SEM), 509, 510
scanning images (SEM), 480–483, 485
scanning tunneling (STM), 510
transmission electron (TEM), 509
Microtechnology in mechanical
engineering, role, 502–503
Mold Shape Deposition Manufacturing
(MSDM) (See Rapid prototyping)
Motion control:
classification, 22–24
closed-loop control, 22–24, 28
open-loop control, 24
position control, 23–24
torque-control, 23
velocity-control, 23
closed-loop control techniques, 24, 28
derivative control, 24
integral control, 24
PID control, 24
proportional control, 24
computer-aided emulation, in, 24
electric power advantage, 22
electronic components for, 26
feedback sensors for, 27, 28 (See also
Sensors)
glossary of terms for, 28
inspection, X-Y, 29
installation and operation, 28
interpolation, 24, 27
circular, 24
contouring, 24
linear, 24, 27
kinds of controlled motion, 24
incremental, 24
point-to-point, 24
sequencing, 24
speed (velocity), 24
torque, 24
mechanical components for, 24–26,
29, 33
microcomputer-controlled, X-Y table, 29
motor drivers (amplifiers) for, 27
motor selection for, 26
open-loop systems, 24
pick and place, X-Y, 29
punch press, 29
profile, trapezoidal velocity control,
23, 24
servomotors, stepper motors, and
actuators for, 26, 27, 30–37
systems, 22–29 (See also Controls)
table, X-Y microcomputer-controlled,
29
X-Y inspection in, 24, 29
Motor generators, 377
conical bearingless, 377
Motors:
commutation, 34–35
brush type, 30–31
brushless, 32
Hall-effect (HED), 26–27, 32, 34
comparison of stepping and servo
motors for motion control, 27
hydraulic,436–437
linear actuators, motorized, DC and AC,
37
microminiature (See MEMS)
motion control, for 26–27, 30–38544
Motors (Cont.):
piezoelectric, 62
selection of, 26
selsyn, 436
servomotors, linear, 27, 33, 34
advantages of linear vs. rotary, 35
coil assembly heat dissipation, 35
commutation, 34
heat control, 35
installation of, 35
iron-core, 34
ironless, 34
servomotors, rotary, PM DC, 26–27,
30–33
brushless, 26–27, 30, 32
characteristics of, 33
disadvantage, 33
position sensing, 33
brush-type PM DC, 26–27, 30, 31
cup/shell, 31
disk-type, 31
speed-torque curves, 30
spring-powered, 286–287
stepper (stepping), 26–27, 35–38
actuators, linear based on, 37
applications for, 36
hybrid, 36
permanent-magnet (PM), 36
variable reluctance (VR), 36
wedge, MEMS, 512–513
Multiplication of functions, 348
Multipliers:
force and stroke, 105–106
stroke, linkages, 103
three-gear stroke, 328
Nanoactuators, 528–529
Nanometers, 521
measurement in, 521
Nanomotor, 529
Nanoparticles, 521
Nanotechnology, science, engineering, 521
Nanotubes, carbon, 523–525
National fuel mix, electric generation, 74
Nonrenewable energy power plants
coal-fired, 74
natural gas, 74
nuclear, 74–75
petroleum, 74
Oscillators
dual-mass, MEMS, 513
wide-angle, 105
Pantograph, 6, 91
Parabolic dish Stirling Solar Thermal
plants (See Concentrating solar
thermal (CST) systems)
Parabolic trough mirror solar thermal
plants (See concentrating solar
thermal (CST) systems)
Pericycloid, 128
Photoelectric cell, 409
Photoelectric controls (7), 468–469
photovoltaic (PV) solar panels, 75
Piezoelectric:
actuator, 62
crystal, 428
films, 506–507
transducer, microminiature, 506–507, 518
Pinions (See Gears)
Plane, inclined, 3
Plants, power:
baseload and baseload demand, 75
linear Fresnel reflector solar thermal
(CST), 79–80
nuclear, 74
parabolic dish Sterling solar thermal
(CST) 81–82
parabolic trough mirror solar thermal
(CST), 78
power-tower solar thermal (CST), 79
Platform, multi-axis, X-Y-Z, 22
Pneumatic:
cylinders, 342, 448–449
power, tasks for (15), 450–452
valve, dump, 241
valve, two-way, 342
Poly-Jet Matrix 3D Printing (See Rapid
prototyping)
Polygon connections, 320–321
advantages of, 321
shaft hub, straight, 320
shaft hub, taper, 321
Potentiometer (See Sensors)
Power:
conversion unit (PCU)
generation, nonrenewable (See
Mechanisms for renewable power )
generation, renewable (See Mechanisms
for renewable power generation)
Preprocessing in simulation (See 3D
digital prototypes and simulation)
Press:
direct-acting, air spring, 288
punch, 116
safeguards for, 468
toggle, 117
Pressure exchange unit (PEU), 378–379
Pressure plate, walking, 220
Profile, trapezoidal velocity, 23–24
Prototyping, digital, (See 3D digital
prototypes and simulation)
Prototyping, rapid, (See Rapid
prototyping)
Pulley, pulleys, 3, 262–263, 324
ball-controlled, 263
cam-controlled, 263
linkage-controlled, 262
spring-loaded variable pitch, 263
systems, 3
Pump(s), 369–375
articulated piston/compressor, 374
bent axis, 374
centrifugal /impeller, 370, 375
designs explained (18), 373–375
diaphragm pump/compressor, 374
external rotor (gear), 370
glossary of terms, 376
helical rotor, 371
high-vacuum, 371
hydraulic gear 370
hydraulic twin piston 370
linear, 374
micropump, 504
nanopump, 522
peristaltic, 371
operating principles of, 369
Ramelli, 372
Roots compressor, 372
Pump(s) (Cont.):
rotary (rotating):
compressor, 372
cylinder block, 371
flexible-vane, 373
idler-tooth, 369
reversible, 369
sliding-piston, 373
sliding-vane, 373
swinging-vane, 369
swashplate, 369
three-screw, 372
two-screw, 372
wobble-plate, 375
Puncher, double-toggle, 106
Rapid prototyping (RP), 488–500
build envelope, 489
building functional parts, 488
choices, commercial RP, 489–490
computer controlled (CNC) milling,
498
commercial additive RP processes,
491–497
Direct Metal Deposition (DMD),
495–496
Direct-Shell Production Casting
(DSPC), 496–497
Directed-Light Fabrication (DLF),
495
Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM),
493
Laminated Object Manufacturing
(LOM), 496
Poly-Jet Matrix 3D Printing, 494–495
Selective Laser Sintering (SLS),
491–493
Solid-Ground Curing (SGC), 497
Stereolithography (SLA), 491
Three-Dimensional Printing (3DP),
493–494
commercial subtractive RP, 498
desktop prototyping, 498
processes in RP, 488–489
research and development in, 498–500
Mold Shape Deposition
Manufacturing (MSDM), 499
Shape Deposition Manufacturing
(SDM), 498–499
Robocasting ceramic parts, 499–500
Ratchet wheels:
analysis of, 210
cam-driven, 327, 341
drive, modified, 208
drive, speed-change, 208
friction, 10
internal, 221
pawl, with, 210, 229
sheet-metal, 158
solenoid-operated, 327
toothless, 209
Reciprocators:
cycloidal, 140
epicycloid, 140
linear, 329
rotating-cam, 194
sinusoidal, 194
Recorders, 470–471
bubbler-type, 470
float, 471545
Regulator:
nonindicating, remote bulb, 467
self-contained, 466
Renewable energy, power generation:
concentrating solar thermal (CST),
78–84
linear Fresnel reflector, 80–81
locations for, 83–84
mechanical, 74–87
moving-water power generation, 84–85
ocean-wave power, 84–85
outlook for, 83–84
overview of sources, 74
parabolic dish Stirling, 81–83
parabolic trough mirror, 96–97
photovoltaic (PV) solar panels, 75
power tower, 79–80
tidal power, 84
water turbines/pumps, 84–85
wave-energy buoys, 85
wind turbines, 76–78
G E, specifications, 77
glossary of terms, 86
relative costs of, 85
Vestas, specifications for, 77
windmill, Dutch origins for, 74
Resources, renewable energy, 87
Reverse osmosis, sea water, 378–379
Reverse rotation prevention ways (6), 422
Robocasting, ceramic parts (See Rapid
prototyping)
Robots, general:
autonomous industrial, 50–51
characteristics, 51
definition, 50
glossary of terms, 66–67
history, 51
introduction to, 50
worldwide market, 51
Robots, industrial, stationary
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